Estimation of the impact of tobacco smoking factor on the morphological, molecular and genetic parameters of the lung cancer tumor

Background Tobacco smoking (TS) remains the most established cause of lung carcinogenesis and other disease processes. In Kazakhstan lung cancer (LC) occupies by far the first position in the cancer mortality structure. Identification of the morphological and immunohistochemical features of tumors among smokers may enable individualized treatment and reduce mortality. Methods Morphological, histological, molecular genetics, immunohistochemical methods were used. The slides of 286 patients (204 smokers and 82 nonsmokers) with LC were studied. For molecular genetic studies tumor blocks of 47 patients (27 smokers and 20 nonsmokers) were used. Results There are differences in the histotype structure of LC among smokers and nonsmokers. Squamous cell carcinoma prevails among men as adenocarcinoma among women. It was found that smokers had squamous cell carcinoma histotype predominant, which share above 1.4 times (p < 0.01), and small cell carcinoma 2.0 times (p < 0.05). Adenocarcinoma is 3.5 times (p < 0.001) more likely to develop in the group of non-smokers. Activating of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations were detected in 21.3% of the patients with non-small cell LC. Mutations occur most often among women (70%) than among men (30%) and most among non-smokers than among smokers (90% and 10% respectively). Immunohistochemical studies of LC tumor have shown that smokers have a higher proliferative activity of tumor cells, indicating the adverse effects of smoking for the LC prognosis. Conclusions The data obtained allow to individualize the postoperative radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy to improve the efficiency of LC treatment. Considering that the presence of the mutations associated with the possibility of targeted therapy, LC treatment prognosis in smokers less favorable than that of nonsmokers. Advising the patient to quit by clinicians is an important preventive technology for prevention of LC morbidity and premature mortality

TRENDS OF COLORECTAL CANCER PREVALENCE IN KAZAKHSTAN RELATED TO SCREENING

We carried out an analysis of the total incidence of colon cancer throughout Kazakhstan. Retrospectively, according to the regional reports on endoscopic screening, the study showed an increase in the age-related incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases from 2004–2008 to 2009–2014. The peak of morbidity in both periods was noted in the age category of >70 years. The indicators of the territorial distribution of CRC incidence make it possible to divide the regions into areas with low or high rates of CRC. Specific indicators showed newly diagnosed cases of CRC stages I, II, III, and IV in 2004–2018. The incidence rates of stages I and II showed a two-fold increase (35%–67.4%) and the incidence of stage IV showed a decline from 19.3% to 13.1% and of stage III from 45.7% to 19.5% from 2004 to 2018, respectively. An analysis of CRC incidence throughout Kazakhstan showed an increase in the overall incidence. Since population-based CRC screening was introduced in 2011, the morbidity was found to increase for stages I and II