5 research outputs found
Methods of Burning Solid Fuel Mixtures in Power Plants (Review)
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 %. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉThe paper presents one of the most accessible ways to transition to resource-saving and environmentally safe generation of heat and electricity by coal-fired thermal power facilities, which consists in burning fuel mixtures. A review of the existing experience in the transfer of existing heat engineering equipment both in Russia and abroad is carried out, the main difficulties in the process of burning solid fuel mixtures are described in detail. The most effective mixtures in terms of their environmental performance are obtained on the basis of coal and biomass with its addition in terms of heat content of no more than 20 %. The combustion remains one of the most complex and unexplored processes, and during the joint combustion of several solid fuels, additional interactions occur that affect the main combustion characteristics, therefore, the paper separately considers the methods for studying the combustion process and equipment for experimental combustion of solid fuel mixture
Dry Residues of Sewage β a Promising Energy Fuel
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π°
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΠ‘Π). ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 50 %), ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 80 %) ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅
Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 268 Β°C. ΠΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅
0,4Γ10β6, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 13 %/ΠΌΠΈΠ½,
ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 633 Β°C. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π°
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
(ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ). ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ‘Π Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈFrom the profiles of the curves of differential scanning calorimetry, the maximum intensity of the heat flux, as well as the endothermic and exothermic effects of the combustion of wastewater residues (SWS) were determined. Sludge wastewater residues have a high ash content (more than 50 %), which reduces the value of the lower calorific value in the working state. The high content of volatile substances (more than 80 %) ensures early ignition at a temperature of 268 Β°C. Having a low ignition temperature, they can be a promising additional fuel to coal after enrichment in order to significantly reduce the ash content and increase the calorific value. The low value of the combustion index equal to 0.4Γ10β6 is due to the low value of the maximum reaction rate equal to 13 %/min and the high burnout temperature equal to 633 Β°C. The conducted studies have shown that the combustion of WWS does not lead to a deterioration in the operating conditions of the furnace screens in boiler furnaces due to the high content of minerals in the ash with a high melting point (iron and calcium phosphates). The high content of phosphorus in wastewater residues contributes to the immobilization of mobile iron into phosphates. Such a composition of WWS will help to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in slag and ash residues of co-combustion with coal during subsequent long-term storage. The results of this study should be used in the design of thermal power facilitie
Pressure Testing the District Heating Systems: Results of Retrospective Analysis
Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅
ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ). Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π³. ΠΠΌΡΠΊΠ°). ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ
Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ (Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ)
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
Π ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 50 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π΄ΠΌ3. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π³. ΠΠΌΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌDistribution of thermal energy using different types of mains has experienced practical application and much development over a period of more than a century. Technical excellence, operational characteristics including conservation of heat energy, reliability and future maintenance are of prime consideration. Reliability of heat supply is evaluated by the number of network failures. Failure amount in district heating (DH) networks is enormous. It makes us pay attention to DH performance issues. It is sufficiency to rehabilitate only mostly outworn distribution lengths to reduce a failure rate and heat losses. The main mean is hydraulic pressure tests. The aim of the paper is data generalization and provision an overview of the subjects included in the project within certain DH system (e. g. Omsk's DH system). The article includes general information about this method. The process to prepare this paper was as follows: defining the scope of works for the study which was discussed and mutually agreed in meetings between the authors. Back-in-time pressure tests operation data analysis technique is chosen to receive a valid data. Then the study was started with collecting relevant data in written form, a background study, familiarizing to previous studies and reports made during the span of years. Its efficiency was analysed. Negative causes were given. Relevance of modernization of pressure tests perfomance was clarified during the state assessment as well as the development of the same option in the future. According to the collected data the authors carried out that future research in this field is require
Competitive Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate Using <em>Azotobacter vinelandii</em> 12 for Tissue Engineering Applications
This study investigated the effect of various cultivation conditions (sucrose/phosphate concentrations, aeration level) on alginate biosynthesis using the bacterial producing strain Azotobacter vinelandii 12 by the full factorial design (FFD) method and physicochemical properties (e.g., rheological properties) of the produced bacterial alginate. We demonstrated experimentally the applicability of bacterial alginate for tissue engineering (the cytotoxicity testing using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)). The isolated synthesis of high molecular weight (Mw) capsular alginate with a high level of acetylation (25%) was achieved by FFD method under a low sucrose concentration, an increased phosphate concentration, and a high aeration level. Testing the viscoelastic properties and cytotoxicity showed that bacterial alginate with a maximal Mw (574 kDa) formed the densest hydrogels (which demonstrated relatively low cytotoxicity for MSCs in contrast to bacterial alginate with low Mw). The obtained data have shown promising prospects in controlled biosynthesis of bacterial alginate with different physicochemical characteristics for various biomedical applications including tissue engineering
Use of Mixed Fuel Based on Brown Coal and its Thermal Processing Products in Energy Boilers
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ, Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· 80 % Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΈ 20 % Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ°, Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π’Π-ΠΠ’Π Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Ti) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° (Te), ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ti
ΠΈ Te Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π’Π ΠΈ ΠΠ’Π. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅
Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡThe work investigated the thermal behavior of Borodino coal, brown coal coke and mixed
fuel, consisting of 80 % Borodino brown coal and 20 % brown coal coke during the combustion
process using thermogravimetric analysis. The chemical composition of the samples is presented.
When analyzing the TG-DTG curves, combustion characteristics were determined, such as: ignition
temperature (Ti) and coke burnout temperature (Te), flammability index, integral combustion parameter.
To determine Ti and Te, the technique of crossing the TG and DTG curves was applied and justified.
An electron microscopic study of the cross-section of a lignite coke particle has been carried out. The
results of the study showed that the addition of lignite coke to brown coal has a positive effect on its
combustion characteristic