Globalisation, Employment, and Wage Rate: What Does Literature Tell Us?

This paper provides a literature review on the labor market outcome of international trade and outsourcing trends in developed countries, focusing on employment, wage rates, and wage dispersions. However, the literature offers ambiguous answers. International trade and outsourcing are examined not to be the determinant force of labour market movements. It tends to add to rising inequality and lowering the demand for low-skilled workers in Anglo-Saxon economies, while there is no clear-cut result for continental Europe. It induces skill-biased wage differentials and cross-sector change. Causality of globalisation effects on labour market and the inter-sectoral spill-over effects are underappreciated.globalisation, trade, offshore outsourcing, employment, wage rates, skill bias

Eine Panel-Analyse des chinesischen Intraindustriellen Handels im Investitionsgütersektor

This paper adopts the Hausman-Taylor 2SLS error components approach in estimating the determinants of China's Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) in the capital goods sector with its 26 partner countries. It disaggregates IIT into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT). Capital goods final products and intermediates are separately estimated in order to reveal the differentiated trade patterns. It finds that economic similarity is very significantly negatively correlated with the intermediates IIT, but to a less extent correlated with the final products IIT. Factor endowment is of no significance in determining IIT in the intermediates, although it is significantly positively correlated with the final products IIT. Economic size is significantly negatively correlated with both final products and intermediates IIT. Distance is not yet dead in impacting the level of final products IIT, but of less importance in influencing the intermediates IIT. China is exchanging intermediates in a less intraindustry manner with ASEAN nations. However, because VIIT is dominating TIIT, no significant differences exist between the estimation results of TIIT and VIIT.intra-industry trade, panel econometrics

Globalisation, Employment, and Wage Rate: What Does Literature Tell Us?

This paper provides a literature review on the labor market outcome of international trade and outsourcing trends in developed countries, focusing on employment, wage rates, and wage dispersions. However, the literature offers ambiguous answers. International trade and outsourcing are examined not to be the determinant force of labour market movements. It tends to add to rising inequality and lowering the demand for low-skilled workers in Anglo-Saxon economies, while there is no clear-cut result for continental Europe. It induces skill-biased wage differentials and cross-sector change. Causality of globalisation effects on labour market and the inter-sectoral spill-over effects are underappreciated

A Panel Data Analysis on China's Intra-Industry Trade in the Capital Goods Sector

This paper adopts the Hausman-Taylor 2SLS error components approach in estimating the determinants of China's Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) in the capital goods sector with its 26 partner countries. It disaggregates IIT into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT). Capital goods final products and intermediates are separately estimated in order to reveal the differentiated trade patterns. It finds that economic similarity is very significantly negatively correlated with the intermediates IIT, but to a less extent correlated with the final products IIT. Factor endowment is of no significance in determining IIT in the intermediates, although it is significantly positively correlated with the final products IIT. Economic size is signi?cantly negatively correlated with both final products and intermediates IIT. Distance is not yet dead in impacting the level of final products IIT, but of less importance in influencing the intermediates IIT. China is exchanging intermediates in a less intraindustry manner with ASEAN nations. However, because VIIT is dominating TIIT, no significant differences exist between the estimation results of TIIT and VIIT.Diese Studie verwendet die Methode der Hausman-Taylor-2SLS Fehler-Komponenten zur Schätzung der Determinanten von Chinas Intraindustriellem Handel (IIT) im Investitionsgütersektor mit seinen 26 Partnerländern. Sie disaggregiert IIT in horizontalen IIT (HIIT) und vertikalen IIT (VIIT). Investitionsgüter, Endprodukte und Halbfertigwaren werden separat geschätzt, um die Unterschiede des Handels zu interpretieren. Es zeigt sich, dass die wirtschaftliche Ähnlichkeit mit IIT-Halbfertigwaren signifikant negativ korreliert ist, aber bei IIT-Endprodukten keine Signifikanz besteht. Der Faktor Ausstattung weist keine Signifikanz bei der Bestimmung von IIT-Halbfertigwaren auf, obwohl er mit IIT-Endprodukten signifikant positiv korreliert ist. Wirtschaftsgröße ist sowohl mit IIT-Endprodukten als auch mit IIT-Halbfertigwaren signifikant negativ korreliert. Entfernung wirkt sich auf das Niveau von IIT-Endprodukten aus, hat aber einen geringeren Einfluss auf IIT-Halbfertigwaren. China hat im Bereich Halbfertigwaren relativ wenig intraindustriellen Handel mit ASEAN-Staaten. Da jedoch VIIT einen dominierenden Einfluss auf TIIT ausübt, bestehen keine bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen den Schätzungsergebnissen von TIIT und VIIT

You Only Propagate Once: Accelerating Adversarial Training via Maximal Principle

Deep learning achieves state-of-the-art results in many tasks in computer vision and natural language processing. However, recent works have shown that deep networks can be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, which raised a serious robustness issue of deep networks. Adversarial training, typically formulated as a robust optimization problem, is an effective way of improving the robustness of deep networks. A major drawback of existing adversarial training algorithms is the computational overhead of the generation of adversarial examples, typically far greater than that of the network training. This leads to the unbearable overall computational cost of adversarial training. In this paper, we show that adversarial training can be cast as a discrete time differential game. Through analyzing the Pontryagin's Maximal Principle (PMP) of the problem, we observe that the adversary update is only coupled with the parameters of the first layer of the network. This inspires us to restrict most of the forward and back propagation within the first layer of the network during adversary updates. This effectively reduces the total number of full forward and backward propagation to only one for each group of adversary updates. Therefore, we refer to this algorithm YOPO (You Only Propagate Once). Numerical experiments demonstrate that YOPO can achieve comparable defense accuracy with approximately 1/5 ~ 1/4 GPU time of the projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm. Our codes are available at https://https://github.com/a1600012888/YOPO-You-Only-Propagate-Once.Comment: Accepted as a conference paper at NeurIPS 201

Research Hotspots and Trends of Microrna in Periodontology and Dental Implantology: a Bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is a leading cause of tooth loss, and microRNA (miRNA) has been shown to regulate various biological processes. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the literature related to miRNA in periodontology and dental implantology and summarize the research hotspots and trends in this field. METHODS: Literature records from 1985 to 2020 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. After manual selection, the data was used for cooperative network analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and reference co-citation analysis and visualized by CiteSpace. RESULTS: A total of 287 papers were analyzed between 2007 and 2020, and more than 95% of them were published in the past decade. The largest number of publications were from China, followed by the USA and Japan. The direct cooperation among the productive institutions was not close. At present, most of the research belongs to the discipline of dentistry, oral surgery, cell biology, and molecular biology. Literature clusters generated by reference co-citation analysis and keyword co-occurrence network showed that previous studies mainly focused on four hotspots: periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), the pathological process of periodontitis, osteogenic differentiation/bone regeneration, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic potential of miRNA in promoting bone formation and how the ceRNA network contributes to miRNA regulation at a deeper level have become the two main research trends of this field