Phy-chemical Attributes of Nano-scale V2O5/TiO2 Catalyst and Its’ Effect on Soot Oxidation

The V2O5 catalysts which supported on nano-scale TiO2 with variation of vanadium contents (5%, 10%, 20% and 40%) were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. The phase structures of nano-scale V2O5/TiO2 catalysts with different loading rates were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The oxidation activities of catalysts over diesel soot were performed in a themogravimetric analysis (TGA) system. The kinetics of the catalytic oxidation process were analyzed based on Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The characterization results showed that the phase structure of V2O5 supported on TiO2 depends heavily on the vanadium contents, which will put great effects on the catalytic performances for soot oxidation. At a low vanadium loading rates (V5-V20), active species exist as monomers and polymeric states. At a high loading rate (V40), the crystalline bulk V2O5 covers the surface of TiO2. The formed crystal structure occupied the active sites and led a decreasing in the catalytic effect. By comparing the characteristics temperatures of soot oxidation over V2O5 catalysts, the catalytic activities of catalysts with different loading rates for soot oxidation can be ranked as: V5 < V10 < V40 < V20. Via pyrolysis kinetics analysis, it is revealed that the activation energy of soot oxidation is minimum when the vanadium loading rates is 20%, which is fit well with the TG experimental results. The consistency of pyrolysis kinetics and TG experimental results confirm that the best activity catalyst is V20 in discussed catalysts of this paper, which is nearest to the monolayer dispersion saturated state of V2O5/TiO2 catalyst. Moreover, it convincingly demonstrate the obvious threshold effect in V2O5 catalysts.

Skywork: A More Open Bilingual Foundation Model

In this technical report, we present Skywork-13B, a family of large language models (LLMs) trained on a corpus of over 3.2 trillion tokens drawn from both English and Chinese texts. This bilingual foundation model is the most extensively trained and openly published LLMs of comparable size to date. We introduce a two-stage training methodology using a segmented corpus, targeting general purpose training and then domain-specific enhancement training, respectively. We show that our model not only excels on popular benchmarks, but also achieves \emph{state of the art} performance in Chinese language modeling on diverse domains. Furthermore, we propose a novel leakage detection method, demonstrating that test data contamination is a pressing issue warranting further investigation by the LLM community. To spur future research, we release Skywork-13B along with checkpoints obtained during intermediate stages of the training process. We are also releasing part of our SkyPile corpus, a collection of over 150 billion tokens of web text, which is the largest high quality open Chinese pre-training corpus to date. We hope Skywork-13B and our open corpus will serve as a valuable open-source resource to democratize access to high-quality LLMs

Electrodeposition of Cobalt and Rare Earth-Cobalt in Urea-NaBr-KBr Melt

稀土－钴合金具有许多优异性能，可用于制作磁性、磁光…等功能材料。日本学者研究了在有机电解液中电沉积Ｃｏ－Ｇｄ薄膜，未见前人研究低温熔盐体系中电沉积稀土合金的报道。尿素－（７９ｍｏｌ％）－ＮａＢｒ（１９．５ｍｏｌ％）－ＫＢｒ（１．５ｍｏｌ％）的熔点为５１℃，可在１００℃左右下作为电解介质。在尿素熔体中加入ＢａＯＡｃ，能增加Ｃｏ￣（２＋）还原为Ｃｏ的阴极极化。因此选择１００℃的尿素－ＮａＢｒ－ＫＢｒ－ＮａＯＡｃ作为本底熔体，研究Ｃｏ￣（２＋）的电还原，镧、铽、镝、铥各自与钴的电解共沉积。在所研究的熔体中，Ｃｏ￣（２＋）一步不可逆还原为Ｃｏ。测定Ｃｏ￣（２＋）＋２ｅ＝Ｃｏ反应的传递系数α为０．４５，Ｃｏ￣（２＋）在熔体中的扩散系数为２．５×１０￣（－６）ｃｍ￣２·ｓ￣（－１）。稀土离子还原为稀土金属的电位很负，以致在本底熔体分解前未出现阴极波。但在含ＣＯＣｌ＿２熔体中加入ＲＥＣ＿３（ＬａＣｌ＿３、ＴｂＣｌ＿３、ＤｙＣｌ＿３、ＴｍＣｌ＿３），使钴的析出电位向正方移动，而且阴极电流增大，因而有可能发生ＲＥ（Ｌａ、Ｔｂ、Ｄｙ、Ｔｍ）与Ｃｏ的诱导共沉积。在尿素－ＮａＢｒ－ＫＢｒ－ＮａＯＡｃ－ＣｏＣｌ＿２－ＲＥＣｌ＿３熔体作者联系地址：中山大学化学系Author's Address: Department of Chemistry,Zhongshan University,Guangzhou 51027