Identification and analysis of the secretome of plant pathogenic fungi reveals lifestyle adaptation

The secretory proteome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi. However, the relationship between the large-scale secretome of phytopathogenic fungi and their lifestyle is not fully understood. In the present study, the secretomes of 150 plant pathogenic fungi were predicted and the characteristics associated with different lifestyles were investigated. In total, 94,974 secreted proteins (SPs) were predicted from these fungi. The number of the SPs ranged from 64 to 1,662. Among these fungi, hemibiotrophic fungi had the highest number (average of 970) and proportion (7.1%) of SPs. Functional annotation showed that hemibiotrophic and necrotroph fungi, differ from biotrophic and symbiotic fungi, contained much more carbohydrate enzymes, especially polysaccharide lyases and carbohydrate esterases. Furthermore, the core and lifestyle-specific SPs orthogroups were identified. Twenty-seven core orthogroups contained 16% of the total SPs and their motif function annotation was represented by serine carboxypeptidase, carboxylesterase and asparaginase. In contrast, 97 lifestyle-specific orthogroups contained only 1% of the total SPs, with diverse functions such as PAN_AP in hemibiotroph-specific and flavin monooxygenases in necrotroph-specific. Moreover, obligate biotrophic fungi had the largest number of effectors (average of 150), followed by hemibiotrophic fungi (average of 120). Among these effectors, 4,155 had known functional annotation and pectin lyase had the highest proportion in the functionally annotated effectors. In addition, 32 sets of RNA-Seq data on pathogen-host interactions were collected and the expression levels of SPs were higher than that of non-SPs, and the expression level of effector genes was higher in biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi than in necrotrophic fungi, while secretase genes were highly expressed in necrotrophic fungi. Finally, the secretory activity of five predicted SPs from Setosphearia turcica was experimentally verified. In conclusion, our results provide a foundation for the study of pathogen-host interaction and help us to understand the fungal lifestyle adaptation

A RFID based visible information flow for enterprise internal production management over the internet

The disconnected flow of inventory and information will lead to a lack of real-time information and a build-up of excess inventory to buffer uncertainties in supply and demand, in this paper, a radio frequency identification based remote monitoring system over the Internet is proposed to provide a transparent and visible information flow for supply chain and enterprise internal resource management. The RFID, Bluetooth, and Internet technology are employed to build a remote system for monitoring of production status of factory. Based on this system, the management can transparently master and control status or production and supply chain. It will be benefit to greatly improve the productivity and reduce the cost for enterprise

A Complete Solution for Neutral Knowledge Representation within Collaborative Product Development Environment

As product complexity and marketing competition increase, a collaborative product development environment is necessary for production engineers developing high quality products in short lead-times. To support product designers from different fields, disciplines, and locations, wishing to exchange and share data/information, the neutral form product information models, independent of application platforms, are the underlying requirement of the collaborative development environment. In this paper, a complete solution for neutral product information modelling is proposed. A series of issues referring to the representation of product information models are discussed in detail. The system function modelling, product information modelling, and description of product information model are seriatim discussed. Based on STEP standard and IDEF definition methods, taking rolling bearing as an example, an application case of complete product information modelling is stated. Within VC++ environment, the implementation of product information models is described. Lastly, several general rules for product information modelling are stated. The studies provide a set of complete solutions for product information modelling with neutral forms independent of application platforms. It provides a feasible scheme for product information exchange and sharing within collaborative product development and concurrent engineering environments

An Internet Based System for Remote Condition Monitoring

An Internet-based system for remote condition monitoring is proposed in this paper. A series of issues that concerns system development including system structure, hardware configuration, software programming, data communication, and available Web technologies are discussed in detail. A prototype system for remote water quality monitoring is developed successfully based on Web technologies (DataSocket, ActivX) and software (LabVIEW, VB). The developed system is benefit to distributed remote condition monitoring, and its structure can be employed in various remote condition monitoring applications