Effects of Glyphosate-Resistant Genetically Modified Soybean on Blood Biochemical Indexes, Hepatopancreatic Antioxidant Capacity and Tissue Morphology of Cyprinus carpio

The juvenile carps (Cyprinus carpio) were fed diets with four protein sources (15% and 30% glyphosate-resistant genetically modified (GM) named GM 15 and GM 30, respectively, and 15% and 30% non-genetically modified (NGM) soybean named NGM 15 and NGM 30) for 180 days. Results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for the GM30 group was significantly lower than that of the NGM30 group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hepatopancreas of carp for the GM30 group was significantly higher than that of the NGM15 group (P0.05). This study indicates that it may aggravate the damage degree of intestinal epithelial cells of carp and more easily cause liver cell damage in the short term when the amount of GM soybean in the feeds was 30%. Therefore, higher glyphosate-resistant GM soybean may have adverse effects on the carp's serum, intestinal, and hepatopancreas and considerably reduce the hepatopancreatic carp's antioxidant capacity

Tea Tree Oil Mediates Antioxidant Factors Relish and Nrf2-Autophagy Axis Regulating the Lipid Metabolism of <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>

Both oxidative stress and autophagy refer to regulating fat metabolism, and the former affects autophagy, but the role and mechanism of the antioxidant–autophagy axis in regulating lipid metabolism remains unclear. As an antioxidant, tea tree oil (TTO) has little research on the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism in crustaceans. This study investigated whether TTO could alter hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism by affecting the antioxidant–autophagy axis. Feed Macrobrachium rosenbergii with three different levels of TTO diets for 8 weeks: CT (0 mg/kg TTO), 100TTO (100 mg/kg TTO), and 1000TTO (1000 mg/kg TTO). The results showed that 100TTO treatment reduced the hemolymph lipids level and hepatopancreatic lipid deposition compared to CT. In contrast, 1000TTO treatment increased hepatopancreatic lipid deposition, damaging both morphology and function in the hepatopancreas. The 100TTO treatment promoted lipolysis and reduced liposynthesis at the transcriptional level compared to the CT group. Meanwhile, it improved the hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity and maintained mitochondrial structural and ROS homeostasis. In addition, it simultaneously activated the expression of transcription factors Keap1-Nrf2 and Imd-Relish. By contrast, the 1000TTO group significantly enhanced the ROS level, which considerably activated the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling expression but had no significant effects on the expression of Imd-Relish. The 100TTO group supplementation significantly enhanced lipid droplet breakdown and autophagy-related genes and protein expression. On the contrary, the 1000TTO group significantly inhibited the expression of genes and proteins related to autophagy. Pearson analysis revealed that Nrf2 has a positive correlation to lipid anabolism-related genes (Fasn, Srebp1, Pparγ) and autophagy regulators (mtor, akt, p62), and were negatively correlated with lipolysis-related genes (Cpt1, Hsl, Ampkα) and autophagy markers (Ulk1, Lc3). Relish was positively correlated with Atgl, Cpt1, Ampkα, Ulk1, and Lc3, and negatively correlated with Pparγ and p62. Moreover, Keap1 and Imd were negatively correlated with p62 and mtor, respectively. In sum, 100 mg/kg TTO enhanced antioxidant activity and increased autophagy intensity through the Relish-Imd pathway to enhance lipid droplet breakdown, while 1000 mg/kg TTO overexpressed Nrf2, thus inhibiting autophagy and ultimately causing excessive lipid deposition and peroxidation. Our study gives a fresh perspective for deciphering the bidirectional regulation mechanism of lipid metabolism by different doses of TTO based on the antioxidant–autophagy axis

Effects of Astragalus membranaceus extract and Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract on growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant capacity of gibel carp juveniles (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V)

The study aims to investigate the effects of dietary Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) and Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) supplementation on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant capacity of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V, 10.01 g ± 0.24 g). Six experimental diets supplemented were marked as A0E0 (basic diet, 0% AME and 0% ELE), A0E0.1 (0% AME and 0.1% ELE), A0.02E0, A0.02E0.05, A0.02E0.1, A0.02E0.2 (0.02% AME with 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% ELE). After 8 weeks, A0.02E0 diet significantly increased the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and decreased the glucose (GLU), triglyceride content (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) of the plasma, the malonaldehyde (MDA) content of the liver, the A0E0.1 group significantly increased the total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) content of the plasma, decreased the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) content of the plasma when compared with A0E0 group (Independent T-test: P < 0.05). A0.02E0.1 group significantly increased the FBW, WGR, SGR, and decreased the moisture of the whole body when compared with A0E0.1 group (Independent T-test: P < 0.05). One-way ANOVA analysis showed that 0.02% AME with different levels of ELE (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) significantly increased FBW, SGR, WGR, the crude protein and crude lipid of whole body, the GLU, TP, ALB, TC, and TG content of the plasma, and the activities of the lysozyme, total superoxide dismutase, and catalase (CAT) of the liver when compared with A0.02E0 diet (Tukey’s test: P < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that the AME and ELE showed significantly interaction effect on FBW, WGR, SGR, GLU content, TG content, TC content, ALT content, CAT activity. In conclusion, it could be recommended that AME and ELE interaction can be used for growth promotion and antioxidant capacity improvement in aquaculture animals

Comparative Study of Antibacterial Properties of Emodin and Enrofloxacin Against Aeromonas hydrophila

The IJA appears exclusively as a peer-reviewed on-line open-access journal at http://www.siamb.org.il. To read papers free of charge, please register online at registration form. Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden. Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden. Abstract Antibacterial properties of emodin, extracted from rhubarb, and enrofloxacin, against Aeromonas hydrophila, were assessed in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of emodin and enrofloxacin to fight A. hydrophila WJ2011BJ44 were found to be 100ug/ml and 9.375ug/ml, respectively. To understand the mechanisms of action of emodin and enrofloxcain against A. hydrophila we studied antibacterial activity, bacterial membrane permeability, and ultrastructure of A. hydrophila cells treated with emodin, enrofloxacin individually, and the combination of both. The results shown in the growth curve of A. hydrophila treated with different concentrations (from 0 MIC to 4 MIC) of emodin and enrofloxacin were similar and stable, and there was no significant difference in the growth curve of different treatment groups. There were significant differences in the K + concentration among all treatment groups from 1 h to 8 h after incubation compared with the control. The highest K + concentration was observed in the emodin+enrofloxacin group from 1 h to 8 h after incubation. PI fluorescence signal of untreated A. hydrophila cells and A. hydrophila cells treated with emodin, or enrofloxacin individually, or the combination of both were 0. 89, 11.4, 13.98 and 18.3, respectively. The mortality of A. hydrophila cells treated with the combination of emodin and enrofloxacin was greatest compared with other groups. These results indicated that 2 MIC emodin, 2 MIC enroflxacin, and combination of 1 MIC emodin and 1 MIC enrofloxacin can inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila, increase bacterial membrane permeability, and damage cell membrane integrity. The combination of 1 MIC concentration emodin and 1 MIC concentration enrofloxacin produced the best antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila. Comparative Study of Antibacterial Properties of Emodin and Enrofloxacin Against Aeromonas hydrophil

Publisher Correction: Dietary arginine affects the insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

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