How Multilingual is Multilingual LLM?

Large Language Models (LLMs), trained predominantly on extensive English data, often exhibit limitations when applied to other languages. Current research is primarily focused on enhancing the multilingual capabilities of these models by employing various tuning strategies. Despite their effectiveness in certain languages, the understanding of the multilingual abilities of LLMs remains incomplete. This study endeavors to evaluate the multilingual capacity of LLMs by conducting an exhaustive analysis across 101 languages, and classifies languages with similar characteristics into four distinct quadrants. By delving into each quadrant, we shed light on the rationale behind their categorization and offer actionable guidelines for tuning these languages. Extensive experiments reveal that existing LLMs possess multilingual capabilities that surpass our expectations, and we can significantly improve the multilingual performance of LLMs by focusing on these distinct attributes present in each quadrant

catena-Poly[[[diaqua­cobalt(II)]bis­(μ-1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane-κ2 N:N′)] bis­(perchlorate) bis­(1,3-di-4-pyridyl­propane) bis­(2-methyl-4-nitro­aniline)]

In the title compound, {[Co(C13H14N2)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2·2C13H14N2·2C7H8N2O2}n, the CoII ion lies on a crystallographic inversion center and is coordinated by four N atoms from four symmetry-related 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane ligands and two O atoms from two water ligands in a slightly distorted octa­hedral coordination environment. The 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane ligands are doubly bridging and connect the CoII ions into one-dimensional chains. The asymmetric unit also contains one uncoordinated 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane mol­ecule, one 2-methyl-4-nitro­aniline mol­ecule and one perchlorate anion. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds connect the one-dimensional chains into a two-dimensional network