Correction: Zhou, Z.-B. et al. Receptor-Mediated Vascular Smooth Muscle Migration Induced by LPA Involves p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 3194–3208

Due to personal reasons, I left the research group. In accordance with the regulations of the funding institution, Xiamen Health Administration, China, I hereby declare a withdrawal of my signature, Zhi-Jun Zhang, from this paper. [...

The Fundamental and Application of Transient Flashing Spray Cooling in Laser Dermatology

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has been successfully implemented in laser dermatology such as the treatment of port wine stain. It can protect epidermis from irreversible thermal injuries and increase laser energy, leading to the improvement in therapeutic outcomes. Different from traditional steady spray cooling, CSC is highly transient with short spurt duration (several tens of milliseconds). Besides, CSC can achieve flashing atomization and fine droplets with simple structure nozzles by rapid release of superheat. In this chapter, the mechanism of CSC flashing spray, spray and thermal characteristics of droplets, the measurement method of transient temperature and algorithms for heat flux estimation, and the dynamic surface heat transfer and its relation with spray characteristics are fully discussed. Finally, the heat transfer enhancement of CSC is introduced including alternative cryogens, new nozzles, and hypobaric pressure method to increase the cooling ability, which is essential to improve therapeutic outcome, especially for darkly pigmented human skin

Full-frame data reduction method: a data mining tool to detect the potential variations in optical photometry

A Synchronous Photometry Data Extraction (SPDE) program, performing indiscriminate monitors of all stars appearing at the same field of view of astronomical image, is developed by integrating several Astropy affiliated packages to make full use of time series observed by the traditional small/medium aperture ground-based telescope. The complete full-frame stellar photometry data reductions implemented for the two time series of cataclysmic variables: RX J2102.0+3359 and Paloma J0524+4244 produce 363 and 641 optimal light curves, respectively. A cross-identification with the SIMBAD finds 23 known stars, of which 16 red giant-/horizontal-branch stars, 2 W UMa-type eclipsing variables, 2 program stars, a X-ray source and 2 Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System variables. Based on the data productions of the SPDE program, a followup Light Curve Analysis (LCA) program identifies 32 potential variable light curves, of which 18 are from the time series of RX J2102.0+3359, and 14 are from that of Paloma J0524+4244. They are preliminarily separated into periodical, transient, and peculiar types. By querying for the 58 VizieR online data catalogs, their physical parameters and multi-band brightness spanning from X-ray to radio are compiled for future analysis.Comment: 35pages, 8 figures, accepted by RA

The Fundamental and Application of Surface Heat Flux Estimation by Inverse Method in Cryogen Spray Cooling

Surface heat flux is an important parameter in various industrial applications, which is often estimated based on measured temperature by solving inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). In this chapter, the available IHCP methods including sequential function specification (SFS), transfer function (TF) and Duhamel’s theorem were compared, taking the example of surface heat flux estimation during spray cooling. The Duhamel’s theorem was improved to solve 1D multi-layer ICHP. Considering the significant nonuniformity of heat transfer, the 2D filter solution method was proposed to estimate surface heat flux for 2D multi-layer mediums. The maximum heat flux calculated by the 1D method was underestimated by 60% than that calculated by 2D filter solution, indicating that the lateral heat transfer cannot be ignored. The cooling performances based on 2D filter solution demonstrated that substituting the environment friendly R1234yf for R134a can remarkably reduce global warming potential to <1, but its cooling capacity is insufficient. The effective heat flux of R1234yf can be enhanced by 18.8% by reducing the nozzle diameter and decreasing the back pressure, providing the theoretical basis for the clinical potential substitution of R1234yf with low global warming potential (GWP) for commercial R134a with high GWP in laser dermatology