The oscillations of <i>cry</i> gene products are dampened by DLS.

<p>(A) Quantitative RT-PCR shows that cryptochome (<i>cry</i>) RNAs cycle robustly in abundance in the brains of control (black line) and less robustly in treated flies (red line). (B) <i>cry</i> mRNA levels at ZT22 (initiation of after light treatments) of different days in control (black columns) and treated flies (red columns), and at ZT13 of day 1 before treatment as a baseline. Immunoblots were carried out with an antibody for CRY or ACTIN at different times of days on the indicated day after initiation of treatment. (C) CRY protein amounts were normalized to ACTIN values for all time points. Each curve represents three independent measures of protein abundance from three independent fly head extracts. Error bars indicate standard error. (D) CRY protein expression level at ZT22 (after light treatments) of different days in control (black columns) and treated flies (red columns) in order to detect the expression conditions of different days, and ZT13 of day 1 before treatment as a baseline. ***: p<0.001.</p

Effect of DLS on the egg-laying of female flies.

<p>Single virgin female flies were crossed with two males for analysis of egg-laying. (A) Compared to the control flies (black column), DLS-treated flies (white column) lay fewer eggs (p<0.05) during entire egg-laying period. (B) DLS depresses egg-laying of flies during the whole egg laying period. *: p<0.05.</p

Sleep profiles of the control and light treated flies during DSL and during recovery.

<p>A–D indicate sleep profiles during DLS. (A) Sleep profiles in treated (DLS) and control (normal LD condition) flies (n = 96 for all groups). (B) Total sleep during the day (ZT 0–12) and night (ZT12–24). (C) The average sleep episode duration during the day and night. (D) Average sleep bout numbers. E–H indicate sleep profiles during the recovery period after DLS. (E) Sleep profiles in treated and control (normal LD condition) flies (n = 96 for all groups). (F) Total sleep during the day and night. (G) The average sleep episode duration during the day and night. (H) Average sleep bout numbers. White and black boxes under the x axis indicate light and dark periods of LD, respectively. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001, and the bar heights indicate mean values ± s.e.m.</p

Loss of functions of <i>cry</i> and <i>tim</i> affect sleep.

<p>A–D indicate sleep profiles during LD condition in loss <i>cry</i> of function. (A) Sleep profiles in cry-RNAi and their control flies (n = 64 for all groups). (B) Total sleep during the day (ZT 0–12) and night (ZT12–24). (C) The average sleep episode durations during the day and night. (D) Average sleep bout numbers. E–H indicate sleep profiles during LD condition in loss <i>cry</i> of function. (E) Sleep profiles in tim-RNAi and their control flies (n = 64 for all groups). (F) Total sleep during the day (ZT 0–12) and night (ZT12–24). (G) The average sleep episode durations during the day and night. (H) Average sleep bout numbers. White and black boxes under the x axis indicate light and dark periods of LD, respectively. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001, and the bar heights indicate mean values ± s.e.m.</p

Sleep patterns in null mutant <i>cry^b</i> and <i>tim⁰¹</i>.

<p>A–D indicate sleep profiles during LD condition in null mutant <i>cry^b</i>. (A) Sleep profiles in null mutant cry<i>^b</i> and wild type flies (n = 96 for all groups). (B) Total sleep during the day (ZT 0–12) and night (ZT12–24). (C) The average sleep episode durations during the day and night. (D) Average sleep bout numbers. E–H indicate sleep profiles during LD condition in null mutant <i>tim⁰¹</i>. (E) Sleep profiles in null mutant tim⁰¹ and wild type flies (n = 96 for all groups). (F) Total sleep during the day (ZT 0–12) and night (ZT12–24). (G) The average sleep episode durations during the day and night. (H) Average sleep bout numbers. White and black boxes under the x axis indicate light and dark periods of LD, respectively. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001, and the bar heights indicate mean values ± s.e.m.</p

Effects of DLS on survival and viability.

<p>Survival rate of males at different days in control (blue line) and treatments (red line), which was calculated by below formula. Survival rate =  surviving fly number/initial fly number ×100%.</p

Characteristics of literatures investigating LDR vs. HDR for oral cancer.

<p>LOE: levels of evidence, Pts: patients.</p

Literature search strategies performed.

<p>SCC: squamous cell carcinoma, CA: carcinoma, HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma, HDR: high dose rate, LDR: low dose rate, LCR: local control rate.</p

PRISMA flow chart of the meta-analysis.

<p>PRISMA flow chart of the meta-analysis.</p

Overall mortality of oral cancer treated with LDR vs.HDR brachytherapy.

<p>Overall mortality of oral cancer treated with LDR vs.HDR brachytherapy. </p