110 research outputs found
Future Demand for Skills in New Zealand Compared with Forecasts for some Western Countries: Relative Importance of Expansion and Retirement Demand
Future demand for skills is of considerable interest to policy makers and training providers of many countries, including New Zealand. Occupational employment projection have been implemented in countries such as the US, UK, Canada and Australia. These methods usually take into account growth in GDP of key industries, changes in labour productivity and the longĂ‚Âterm changes in the occupational shares of employment by industry. In New Zealand, an assessment of the future prospects for employment by industries and occupations comparable to the overseas approaches has been undertaken over the past few years. These estimates have been used to assess the skills needs in the expanding segments of the labour market. In this paper we compare our forecasts of occupational employment growth with public sector agencies in other countries. The key forecast results of demand for high level skills, for specific broad occupational groups as well as for industry or sector groups for each of these countries as they recover from the economic downturn of varying magnitude and nature are discussed. We focus on both the expansion demand (due to new positions created) and the replacement demand (owing to current positions being required to be filled due to retirement, migration and job mobility) for New Zealand and other countries as applicable
Ageing Of The Workforce: Effects On The Labour Market With Participation And Retirement
Ageing of the work force in New Zealand is an important determinant of labour market dynamics. In addition to the median age and the proportion of workers in retirement age, the nature of occupations and health and financial security are also important determinants of participation and retirement.The baby boom generation has approached their retirement years and the age structure of the working age population has also significantly altered. Consequently, the retirement of older workers is expected to make-up an important source of new job openings over the coming decades.Estimating and forecasting likely future retirement rates by occupational groups is of considerable interest, and provides further insights into labour market dynamics.In this study, recent historical retirement rates for broad (3-digit) ANZSCO occupational groups were derived using an internationally accepted methodology known as the cohort component method, adapted to allow for some participation by older age groups. Occupational employment data by age extracted from the recently released 2013 Census was analysed along with the corresponding data from the 2006 Census to estimate the average retirement rates over the 2006-13 period. These rates are then used to project future retirement rates over the 2013-20 period for the same broad occupational groups. Projections were based on the Working Age Population projections for age groups and their associated participation rates
New Boolean satisfiability problem heuristic strategy: Minimal Positive Negative Product Strategy
This study presents a novel heuristic algorithm called the "Minimal Positive
Negative Product Strategy" to guide the CDCL algorithm in solving the Boolean
satisfiability problem. It provides a mathematical explanation for the
superiority of this algorithm over widely used heuristics such as the Dynamic
Largest Individual Sum (DLIS) and the Variable State Independent Decaying Sum
(VSIDS). Experimental results further confirm the effectiveness of this
heuristic strategy in problem-solving.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure
Forecasting Migration Flows for New Zealand: Arrivals of New and Returning New Zealanders & Departing by Destinations
The purpose of this paper was to outline the methods and to report results of an econometric attempt to forecast New Zealand migration flows. Flows were decomposed into eight components: two relating to arrivals and six components relating to departures by several destinations. Linear time series regression and the HoltĂ‚ÂWinters exponential smoothing method were applied to quarterly data from June 1978 to June 2008 or from March 1990 to June 2008. WithinĂ‚Âsample mean absolute percentage errors were presented and fullĂ‚Âsample estimates from June 1978 to September 2010 or from March 1990 to September 2010 were used to forecast migration flows for each component for the next two years
Future Demand for Skills in New Zealand Compared with Forecasts for some Western Countries: Relative Importance of Expansion and Retirement Demand
Future demand for skills is of considerable interest to policy makers and training providers of many countries, including New Zealand. Occupational employment projection have been implemented in countries such as the US, UK, Canada and Australia. These methods usually take into account growth in GDP of key industries, changes in labour productivity and the longĂ‚Âterm changes in the occupational shares of employment by industry. In New Zealand, an assessment of the future prospects for employment by industries and occupations comparable to the overseas approaches has been undertaken over the past few years. These estimates have been used to assess the skills needs in the expanding segments of the labour market. In this paper we compare our forecasts of occupational employment growth with public sector agencies in other countries. The key forecast results of demand for high level skills, for specific broad occupational groups as well as for industry or sector groups for each of these countries as they recover from the economic downturn of varying magnitude and nature are discussed. We focus on both the expansion demand (due to new positions created) and the replacement demand (owing to current positions being required to be filled due to retirement, migration and job mobility) for New Zealand and other countries as applicable
Impacts of Employment Rates (Demand) and Participation Rates (Supply) on Unemployment Rates: A Disaggregated Analysis
The interaction between the different macro labour market drivers and their influence on key labour market outcomes is of considerable interest to labour market analysts as well as policy makers. One of these relationships is between employment growth (or labour demand) and the associated reduction in the unemployment rate. This relationship is often determined by other labour market indicators, such as participation rates (or labour supply), and the working age population (amongst other factors). This paper reports on an integrated macro labour market forecasting framework developed by the Labour Group of MBIE, disaggregated into 11 five-yearly age cohorts across the working age population.
The labour market dynamics during business cycles are affected by the ageing of the work force in New Zealand. This has varied consequences on labour market outcomes for different age cohorts, especially those at each end of the age spectrum. Forecasting likely future unemployment rates by age cohort level is of considerable interest, and will provide further insights into labour market dynamics. In addition to those in the prime age cohorts, other cohorts of interest include new entrants into the working age population; those age cohorts potentially involved in training; and those in the pre-retirement age cohorts
Ageing Of The Workforce: Effects On The Labour Market With Participation And Retirement
Ageing of the work force in New Zealand is an important determinant of labour market dynamics. In addition to the median age and the proportion of workers in retirement age, the nature of occupations and health and financial security are also important determinants of participation and retirement.The baby boom generation has approached their retirement years and the age structure of the working age population has also significantly altered. Consequently, the retirement of older workers is expected to make-up an important source of new job openings over the coming decades.Estimating and forecasting likely future retirement rates by occupational groups is of considerable interest, and provides further insights into labour market dynamics.In this study, recent historical retirement rates for broad (3-digit) ANZSCO occupational groups were derived using an internationally accepted methodology known as the cohort component method, adapted to allow for some participation by older age groups. Occupational employment data by age extracted from the recently released 2013 Census was analysed along with the corresponding data from the 2006 Census to estimate the average retirement rates over the 2006-13 period. These rates are then used to project future retirement rates over the 2013-20 period for the same broad occupational groups. Projections were based on the Working Age Population projections for age groups and their associated participation rates
Forecasting Migration Flows for New Zealand: Arrivals of New and Returning New Zealanders & Departing by Destinations
The purpose of this paper was to outline the methods and to report results of an econometric attempt to forecast New Zealand migration flows. Flows were decomposed into eight components: two relating to arrivals and six components relating to departures by several destinations. Linear time series regression and the HoltĂ‚ÂWinters exponential smoothing method were applied to quarterly data from June 1978 to June 2008 or from March 1990 to June 2008. WithinĂ‚Âsample mean absolute percentage errors were presented and fullĂ‚Âsample estimates from June 1978 to September 2010 or from March 1990 to September 2010 were used to forecast migration flows for each component for the next two years
Towards Fair Disentangled Online Learning for Changing Environments
In the problem of online learning for changing environments, data are
sequentially received one after another over time, and their distribution
assumptions may vary frequently. Although existing methods demonstrate the
effectiveness of their learning algorithms by providing a tight bound on either
dynamic regret or adaptive regret, most of them completely ignore learning with
model fairness, defined as the statistical parity across different
sub-population (e.g., race and gender). Another drawback is that when adapting
to a new environment, an online learner needs to update model parameters with a
global change, which is costly and inefficient. Inspired by the sparse
mechanism shift hypothesis, we claim that changing environments in online
learning can be attributed to partial changes in learned parameters that are
specific to environments and the rest remain invariant to changing
environments. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel algorithm under
the assumption that data collected at each time can be disentangled with two
representations, an environment-invariant semantic factor and an
environment-specific variation factor. The semantic factor is further used for
fair prediction under a group fairness constraint. To evaluate the sequence of
model parameters generated by the learner, a novel regret is proposed in which
it takes a mixed form of dynamic and static regret metrics followed by a
fairness-aware long-term constraint. The detailed analysis provides theoretical
guarantees for loss regret and violation of cumulative fairness constraints.
Empirical evaluations on real-world datasets demonstrate our proposed method
sequentially outperforms baseline methods in model accuracy and fairness.Comment: Accepted by KDD 202
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