The paleoclimatic footprint in the soil carbon stock of the Tibetan permafrost region

Data and code availability The authors declare that the majority of the data supporting the findings of this study are available through the links given in the paper. The unpublished data are available from the corresponding author upon request. The new estimate of Tibetan soil carbon stock and R code are available in a persistent repository (https://figshare.com/s/4374f28d880f366eff6d). Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41871104), Key Research and Development Programs for Global Change and Adaptation (2017YFA0603604), International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (131C11KYSB20160061) and the Thousand Youth Talents Plan project in China. Jinzhi Ding acknowledges the General (2017M620922) and the Special Grade (2018T110144) of the Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

M402, a Novel Heparan Sulfate Mimetic, Targets Multiple Pathways Implicated in Tumor Progression and Metastasis

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a key role in shaping the tumor microenvironment by presenting growth factors, cytokines, and other soluble factors that are critical for host cell recruitment and activation, as well as promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and survival. M402 is a rationally engineered, non-cytotoxic heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic, designed to inhibit multiple factors implicated in tumor-host cell interactions, including VEGF, FGF2, SDF-1α, P-selectin, and heparanase. A single s.c. dose of M402 effectively inhibited seeding of B16F10 murine melanoma cells to the lung in an experimental metastasis model. Fluorescent-labeled M402 demonstrated selective accumulation in the primary tumor. Immunohistological analyses of the primary tumor revealed a decrease in microvessel density in M402 treated animals, suggesting anti-angiogenesis to be one of the mechanisms involved in-vivo. M402 treatment also normalized circulating levels of myeloid derived suppressor cells in tumor bearing mice. Chronic administration of M402, alone or in combination with cisplatin or docetaxel, inhibited spontaneous metastasis and prolonged survival in an orthotopic 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model. These data demonstrate that modulating HSPG biology represents a novel approach to target multiple factors involved in tumor progression and metastasis

Anthropogenic Contribution and Migration of Soil Heavy Metals in the Vicinity of Typical Highways

To reveal the secondary anthropogenic contribution and accumulation rate of heavy metals in highway-side soils, we studied soil heavy metals on three representative highways in Southeast China, with different traffic intensities, service years, land use patterns and distances from roads, with high-resolution sampling of soil profiles. Concentrations of soil Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were measured. The comparison of concentrations in surface soils with original values and their vertical distributions shows that soils within 150 m of the highway side are contaminated by heavy metals, with surface accumulation and possible movement down the profiles. The transferring depth of heavy metals was 10–30 cm. The contribution ratios of heavy metals were 1.0–30.5% in the surface at 30 cm, with the sequence of Cd >> Cu > Zn > Pb. The accumulation rates were 1.27–2.03 kg Cu ha−1 y−1, 2.44–5.27 kg Zn ha−1 y−1, 0.71–1.40 kg Pb ha−1 y−1 and 0.010–0.018 kg Cd ha−1 y−1 in soils within 50 m range. Furthermore, the accumulation of these metals varied with the traffic intensity, service years and land use patterns. Soils under forest have less heavy metal accumulation, which suggests a protective forest to set beside highways at a distance of at least 50 m to prevent soils from being contaminated

Anthropogenic Contribution and Migration of Soil Heavy Metals in the Vicinity of Typical Highways

To reveal the secondary anthropogenic contribution and accumulation rate of heavy metals in highway-side soils, we studied soil heavy metals on three representative highways in Southeast China, with different traffic intensities, service years, land use patterns and distances from roads, with high-resolution sampling of soil profiles. Concentrations of soil Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were measured. The comparison of concentrations in surface soils with original values and their vertical distributions shows that soils within 150 m of the highway side are contaminated by heavy metals, with surface accumulation and possible movement down the profiles. The transferring depth of heavy metals was 10–30 cm. The contribution ratios of heavy metals were 1.0–30.5% in the surface at 30 cm, with the sequence of Cd >> Cu > Zn > Pb. The accumulation rates were 1.27–2.03 kg Cu ha−1 y−1, 2.44–5.27 kg Zn ha−1 y−1, 0.71–1.40 kg Pb ha−1 y−1 and 0.010–0.018 kg Cd ha−1 y−1 in soils within 50 m range. Furthermore, the accumulation of these metals varied with the traffic intensity, service years and land use patterns. Soils under forest have less heavy metal accumulation, which suggests a protective forest to set beside highways at a distance of at least 50 m to prevent soils from being contaminated

Evaluation of Three Reanalysis Soil Temperature Datasets with Observation Data over China

Soil temperature is a crucial parameter in surface emissions of carbon, water, and energy exchanges. This study utilized the soil temperature of 836 national basic meteorological observing stations over China to evaluate three soil temperature products. Soil temperature data from the China Meteorology Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim), and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) during 2017 are evaluated. The results showed that soil temperature reanalysis datasets display a significant north-to-south difference over eastern China with generally underestimated magnitudes. CLDAS data perform soil temperature assessment best at different depths and can be reproduced well in most areas of China. CLDAS slightly overestimates soil temperature in summer. The most significant deviation of ERA-Interim (GLDAS) appears in summer (summer and autumn). As soil depth increases, the soil temperature errors of all three datasets increase. The CLDAS represents the soil temperature over China but owns a more considerable bias in barren or sparsely vegetated croplands. ERA-Interim performs poorest in urban and built-up and barren or sparsely vegetated areas. GLDAS overall owns an enormous bias at the mixed forest, grassland, and croplands areas, which should be improved, especially in summer. However, it performs better in open shrublands and barren or sparsely vegetated areas. The ST of mixed forests shows better results in the south region than the north region. For grasslands, smaller MEs are located in the north and northwest regions. The ST of croplands shows the poorest performance over the northwest region

Recent Developments and Current Applications of Organic Nanomaterials in Cartilage Repair

Regeneration of cartilage is difficult due to the unique microstructure, unique multizone organization, and avascular nature of cartilage tissue. The development of nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies holds great promise for the repair and regeneration of injured or degenerated cartilage tissue. Nanomaterials have structural components smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension and exhibit unique properties due to their nanoscale structure and high specific surface area. The unique properties of nanomaterials include, but are not limited to, increased chemical reactivity, mechanical strength, degradability, and biocompatibility. As an emerging nanomaterial, organic nanocomposites can mimic natural cartilage in terms of microstructure, physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. The integration of organic nanomaterials is expected to develop scaffolds that better mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of cartilage to enhance scaffold-cell interactions and improve the functionality of engineered tissue constructs. Next-generation hydrogel technology and bioprinting can be used not only for healing cartilage injury areas but also for extensive osteoarthritic degenerative changes within the joint. Although more challenges need to be solved before they can be translated into full-fledged commercial products, nano-organic composites remain very promising candidates for the future development of cartilage tissue engineering

CO₂-Water-Rock Interaction and Pore Structure Evolution of the Tight Sandstones of the Quantou Formation, Songliao Basin

As an important part of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), the progress of injecting CO2 into oil reservoirs could increase the recovery rate and achieve large-scale carbon storage. It has become one of the most important carbon storage methods around the world. This paper selected the tight sandstone of the fourth member of the Quantou Formation in the southern Songliao Basin to carry out a CO2 storage physical simulation experiment. Representative samples were collected at 24 h, 72 h, 192 h and 432 h to study the CO2 water-rock interaction and to analyze the mineral composition, pore structure and the evolutionary characteristics of physical reservoir properties over time. Physical property analysis, Ion analysis, X-ray diffraction mineral analysis, QEMSCAN mineral analysis, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution CT scanning techniques were adopted. The main points of understanding were: (i) It shows a differential evolution of different minerals following the storage time of CO2, and carbonate minerals are mainly dissolved with ankerite as a typical representation; a small amount of calcite is formed in 24 h, and dissolved in the later period; feldspar and quartz were partially dissolved; clay mineral precipitation blocked the pores and gaps; (ii) The evolution in mineral variation leads to the complexity of pore structure evolution, following a trend of “small pores decreasing and large pores increasing” with extending storage time. The final porosity and permeability ratios gradually increase from 4.07% to 21.31% and from 2.97% to 70.06% respectively; (iii) There is a negative correlation between the increasing ratio and the original physical properties of the tight stones due to the dissolution of ankerite. Relevant research could provide scientific guidance and technical support for the geological storage of CO2 in lacustrine tight continental sandstones and the development of CCUS technology

CO2-Water-Rock Interaction and Pore Structure Evolution of the Tight Sandstones of the Quantou Formation, Songliao Basin

As an important part of carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), the progress of injecting CO2 into oil reservoirs could increase the recovery rate and achieve large-scale carbon storage. It has become one of the most important carbon storage methods around the world. This paper selected the tight sandstone of the fourth member of the Quantou Formation in the southern Songliao Basin to carry out a CO2 storage physical simulation experiment. Representative samples were collected at 24 h, 72 h, 192 h and 432 h to study the CO2 water-rock interaction and to analyze the mineral composition, pore structure and the evolutionary characteristics of physical reservoir properties over time. Physical property analysis, Ion analysis, X-ray diffraction mineral analysis, QEMSCAN mineral analysis, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution CT scanning techniques were adopted. The main points of understanding were: (i) It shows a differential evolution of different minerals following the storage time of CO2, and carbonate minerals are mainly dissolved with ankerite as a typical representation; a small amount of calcite is formed in 24 h, and dissolved in the later period; feldspar and quartz were partially dissolved; clay mineral precipitation blocked the pores and gaps; (ii) The evolution in mineral variation leads to the complexity of pore structure evolution, following a trend of “small pores decreasing and large pores increasing” with extending storage time. The final porosity and permeability ratios gradually increase from 4.07% to 21.31% and from 2.97% to 70.06% respectively; (iii) There is a negative correlation between the increasing ratio and the original physical properties of the tight stones due to the dissolution of ankerite. Relevant research could provide scientific guidance and technical support for the geological storage of CO2 in lacustrine tight continental sandstones and the development of CCUS technology

Predictive Mapping of Topsoil Organic Carbon in an Alpine Environment Aided by Landsat TM.

The objective of this study was to examine the reflectance of Landsat TM imagery for mapping soil organic Carbon (SOC) content in an Alpine environment. The studied area (ca. 3*104 km2) is the upper reaches of the Heihe River at the northeast edge of the Tibetan plateau, China. A set (105) of topsoil samples were analyzed for SOC. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models using Landsat TM imagery were built to predict SOC content, alone or with topography and climate covariates (temperature and precipitation). The best model, combining all covariates, was only marginally better than using only imagery. Imagery alone was sufficient to build a reasonable model; this was a bit better than only using topography and climate covariates. The Lin's concordance correlation coefficient values of the imagery only model and the full model are very close, larger than the topography and climate variables based model. In the full model, SOC was mainly explained by Landsat TM imagery (65% relative importance), followed by climate variables (20%) and topography (15% of relative importance). The good results from imagery are likely due to (1) the strong dependence of SOC on native vegetation intensity in this Alpine environment; (2) the strong correlation in this environment between imagery and environmental covariables, especially elevation (corresponding to temperature), precipitation, and slope aspect. We conclude that multispectral satellite data from Landsat TM images may be used to predict topsoil SOC with reasonable accuracy in Alpine regions, and perhaps other regions covered with natural vegetation, and that adding topography and climate covariables to the satellite data can improve the predictive accuracy