304,345 research outputs found
Helicity Observation of Weak and Strong Fields
We report in this letter our analysis of a large sample of photospheric
vector magnetic field measurements. Our sample consists of 17200 vector
magnetograms obtained from January 1997 to August 2004 by Huairou Solar
Observing Station of the Chinese National Astronomical Observatory. Two
physical quantities, and current helicity, are calculated and their
signs and amplitudes are studied in a search for solar cycle variations.
Different from other studies of the same type, we calculate these quantities
for weak () fields separately. For
weak fields, we find that the signs of both and current helicity are
consistent with the established hemispheric rule during most years of the solar
cycle and their magnitudes show a rough tendency of decreasing with the
development of solar cycle. Analysis of strong fields gives an interesting
result: Both and current helicity present a sign opposite to that of
weak fields. Implications of these observations on dynamo theory and helicity
production are also briefly discussed.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ Lette
A zero dimensional model of lithium-sulfur batteries during charge and discharge
Lithium-sulfur cells present an attractive alternative to Li-ion batteries due to their large energy density, safety, and possible low cost. Their successful commercialisation is dependent on improving their performance, but also on acquiring sufficient understanding of the underlying mechanisms to allow for the development of predictive models for operational cells. To address the latter, we present a zero dimensional model that predicts many observed features in the behaviour of a lithium-sulfur cell during charge and discharge. The model accounts for two electrochemical reactions via the Nernst formulation, power limitations through Butler-Volmer kinetics, and precipitation/dissolution of one species, including nucleation. It is shown that the precipitation/dissolution causes the flat shape of the low voltage plateau, typical of the lithium-sulfur cell discharge. During charge, it is predicted that the dissolution can act as a bottleneck, as for large enough currents smaller amounts dissolve. This results in reduced charge capacity and an earlier onset of the high plateau reaction, such that the two plateaus merge. By including these effects, the model improves on the existing zero dimensional models, while requiring considerably fewer input parameters and computational resources. The model also predicts that, due to precipitation, the customary way of experimentally measuring the open circuit voltage from a low rate discharge might not be suitable for lithium-sulfur. This model can provide the basis for mechanistic studies, identification of dominant effects in a real cell, predictions of operational behaviour under realistic loads, and control algorithms for applications
Hot spin spots in the laser-induced demagnetization
Laser-induced femtosecond magnetism or femtomagnetism simultaneously relies
on two distinctive contributions: (a) the optical dipole interaction (ODI)
between a laser field and a magnetic system and (b) the spin expectation value
change (SEC) between two transition states. Surprisingly, up to now, no study
has taken both contributions into account simultaneously. Here we do so by
introducing a new concept of the optical spin generator, a product of SEC and
ODI between transition states. In ferromagnetic nickel, our first-principles
calculation demonstrates that the larger the value of optical spin generator
is, the larger the dynamic spin moment change is. This simple generator
directly links the time-dependent spin moment change {\Delta}Mk z (t) at every
crystal- momentum k point to its intrinsic electronic structure and magnetic
properties. Those hot spin spots are a direct manifestation of the optical spin
generator, and should be the focus of future research.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, [email protected]
Multiple Lifshitz transitions driven by short-range antiferromagnetic correlations in the two-dimensional Kondo lattice model
With a mean field approach, the heavy Fermi liquid in the two-dimensional
Kondo lattice model is carefully considered in the presence of short-range
antiferromagnetic correlations. As the ratio of the local Heisenberg
superexchange coupling to the Kondo coupling increases, the Fermi surface
structure changes dramatically. From the analysis of the ground state energy
density, multiple Lifshitz type phase transitions occur at zero temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, contribution to SCES201
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