Strategy intervention for the evolution of fairness

Masses of experiments have shown individual preference for fairness which seems irrational. The reason behind it remains a focus for research. The effect of spite (individuals are only concerned with their own relative standing) on the evolution of fairness has attracted increasing attention from experiments, but only has been implicitly studied in one evolutionary model. The model did not involve high-offer rejections, which have been found in the form of non-monotonic rejections (rejecting offers that are too high or too low) in experiments. Here, we introduce a high offer and a non-monotonic rejection in structured populations of finite size, and use strategy intervention to explicitly study how spite influences the evolution of fairness: five strategies are in sequence added into the competition of a fair strategy and a selfish strategy. We find that spite promotes fairness, altruism inhibits fairness, and the non-monotonic rejection can cause fairness to overcome selfishness, which cannot happen without high-offer rejections. Particularly for the group-structured population with seven discrete strategies, we analytically study the effect of population size, mutation, and migration on fairness, selfishness, altruism, and spite. A larger population size cannot change the dominance of fairness, but it promotes altruism and inhibits selfishness and spite. Intermediate mutation maximizes selfishness and fairness, and minimizes spite; intermediate mutation maximizes altruism for intermediate migration and minimizes altruism otherwise. The existence of migration inhibits selfishness and fairness, and promotes altruism; sufficient migration promotes spite. Our study may provide important insights into the evolutionary origin of fairness.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures. Comments welcom

Physicochemical Properties of a Red Soil Affected by the Longterm Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

Red soils are widespread throughout subtropical and tropical regions and are the most important resources for grain production in South China. Application of chemical fertilizers alone or chemical fertilizers combined with organic amendments is commonly practiced to improve physicochemical properties and fertility for red soils. This chapter summarizes the findings of a 22-year long-term field experiment conducted in the red soil region of south central China. Changes in soil pH, soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and aggregate distribution and stability as affected by the long-term fertilization treatments were examined and discussed. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and rice straw or pig manure significantly increased soil pH in the first 7 years, but soil pH decreased linearly at a rate of 0.04–0.07 unit yearly since then. Soil total N and total P content significantly increased during the long-term fertilization, and the effects of pig manure addition on N and P build-up were greater than that of rice straw addition. In contrast, soil total potassium (K) contents significantly decreased by the long-term fertilization. There was a significant difference between the effect of rice straw addition and pig manure amendment on various aggregate size distribution in the red soil

The Analysis on Multimodal Transport Mode of Cross-border E-commerce with \u27the Belt and Road\u27 Strategy Based on Personalized Recommendation

With the further advance of \u27the Belt and Road\u27 strategy , China\u27s cross-border E-commerce has obtained powerful policy support and wide world market. But from the view of users\u27 coverage and total import and export of the trade along \u27the Belt and Road\u27 , China\u27s cross-border E-commerce still has great potential for development, while the high transportation cost is the main resistance in business. Therefore, based on the theory of customer personalized recommendation, combining with the successful cases of personalized services recommendation system from Jingdong and eBay, this article puts forward the multimodal transport service mode of China\u27s cross-border logistics enterprises so as to customize the optimized logistics service system for e-commerce and achieve a win-win situation for customers and enterprises

The Mechanism Research of Qishen Yiqi Formula by Module-Network Analysis

Qishen Yiqi formula (QSYQ) has the effect of tonifying Qi and promoting blood circulation, which is widely used to treat the cardiovascular diseases with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. However, the mechanism of QSYQ to tonify Qi and promote blood circulation is rarely reported at molecular or systems level. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of QSYQ based on the protein interaction network (PIN) analysis. The targets’ information of the active components was obtained from ChEMBL and STITCH databases and was further used to search against protein-protein interactions by String database. Next, the PINs of QSYQ were constructed by Cytoscape and were analyzed by gene ontology enrichment analysis based on Markov Cluster algorithm. Finally, based on the topological parameters, the properties of scale-free, small world, and modularity of the QSYQ’s PINs were analyzed. And based on function modules, the mechanism of QSYQ was elucidated. The results indicated that Qi-tonifying efficacy of QSYQ may be partly attributed to the regulation of amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and cAMP metabolism, while QSYQ improves the blood stasis through the regulation of blood coagulation and cardiac muscle contraction. Meanwhile, the “synergy” of formula compatibility was also illuminated

Primary isolated intracranial Rosai–Dorfman disease: Report of a rare case and review of the literature

Background Intracranial involvement is an uncommon manifestation of Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) and had been rarely reported. In this study, we explore clinical characteristics, imageology manifestations and pathological features of primary intracranial RDD so as to improve the understanding for this disease. Methods One case (16-years-old boy) with primary intracranial RDD was analyzed and studied retrospectively by MRI features, histopathological observation and immunohistochemical staining, and the related literatures were reviewed. Results The case was single lesion and involved the dura of the left middle cranial fossa base, which was iso-hypo signal intensity on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI and FLAIR image. The lesion was a homogeneous contrast enhancement mass with dural tail sign and had peritumoral brain edema. Pathological analysis showed the lesion consisted of variable numbers of mature lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. The characteristic histiocytes were emperipolesis and positively expressed for S-100 and CD-68 and negatively expressed for CD-1a by immunohistochemical analysis. Based on clinical presentations and histological findings after surgical excision, a final diagnosis of primary intracranial RDD was made. Conclusion Primary intracranial RDD, especially located in the cranial base, is exceptionally rare, which hard to be distinguished with meningoma by imageology and clinical manifestations, but could be diagnosed by pathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Surgery is of the most importance treatment and prognosis is optimistic for this disease