Mannose‐Modified Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Delivery Nanovector Optimizing the Antigen Presentation of Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) based cancer immunotherapy is largely dependent on adequate antigen delivery and efficient induction of DCs maturation to produce sufficient antigen presentation and ultimately lead to substantial activation of tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted great attention in biomedicine because of their unique physicochemical properties. In order to effectively deliver tumor antigens to DCs and trigger a strong anti‐tumor immune response, herein, a specific DCs target delivery system was assembled by using multi‐walled carbon nanotubes modified with mannose which can specifically bind to the mannose receptor on DCs membrane. Ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, could be adsorbed on the surface of mannose modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (Man‐MWCNTs) with a large drug loading content. This nanotube‐antigen complex showed low cytotoxicity to DCs and was efficiently engulfed by DCs to induce DCs maturation and cytokine release in vitro, indicating that it could be a potent antigen‐adjuvant nanovector of efficient antigen delivery for therapeutic purpose.Perfectly delivered! Mannose‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (Man‐MWCNTs) could efficiently deliver a large amount of antigen to bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) through ligand/receptor interactions of mannose, inducing enhanced BMDCs maturation and cytokines secretion.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150607/1/open201900126-sup-0001-misc_information.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150607/2/open201900126.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150607/3/open201900126_am.pd

Evaluation of Selected Plant Volatiles as Attractants for the Stick Tea Thrip Dendrothrips minowai in the Laboratory and Tea Plantation

The stick tea thrip (Dendrothrips minowai Priesner) is the main pest thrip in tea (Camellia sinensis) plantations in China, and seriously affects the quality and yield of tea. Plant-derived semiochemicals provide an alternative to pheromones as lures and these compounds possess powerful attractiveness. In this study, we selected 20 non-pheromone semiochemicals, including compounds that have been reported to attract other thrips and some volatiles emitted from tea plants as the potential attractant components for D. minowai. In electroantennogram (EAG) assays, 10 synthetic compounds (p-anisaldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, (E)-β-ocimene, farnesene, nonanal, eugenol, (+)-α-pinene, limonene, (−)-α-pinene, and γ-terpinene) elicited significant antennal responses in female D. minowai. In addition, a two-choice H-tube olfactometer bioassay showed that D. minowai displayed significant positive responses to eight compound dilutions (p-anisaldehyde, eugenol, farnesene, methyl benzoate, 3-methyl butanal, (E)-β-ocimene, (−)-α-pinene, and (+)-α-pinene) when compared with the solvent control at both 1 and 2 h. Moreover, γ-terpinene exhibited a significantly deterrent effect on D. minowai. Finally, trap catches of four compounds (p-anisaldehyde, eugenol, farnesene, and 3-methyl butanal, respectively) significantly increase in tea plantations. Among these, the maximum number of D. minowai collected by blue sticky traps baited with p-anisaldehyde was 7.7 times higher than the control. In conclusion, p-anisaldehyde, eugenol, farnesene, and 3-methyl butanal could significantly attract D. minowai in the laboratory and under field conditions, suggesting considerable potential as commercial attractants to control D. minowai populations

Activity Patterns, Population Dynamics, and Spatial Distribution of the Stick Tea Thrips, Dendrothrips minowai, in Tea Plantations

The stick tea thrips, D. minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one of the most economically significant thrips pests of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.) in China. Here, we sampled D. minowai in tea plantations from 2019 to 2022 to characterize its activity patterns, population dynamics, and spatial distribution. A large proportion of D. minowai individuals were caught in traps placed at heights ranging from 5 cm below to 25 cm above the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant, and the greatest number of individuals were captured at a height of 10 cm from the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant. Thrips were most abundant from 10:00 to 16:00 h in the spring and from 06:00 to 10:00 h and from 16:00 to 20:00 h on sunny days in the summer. The spatial distribution of D. minowai females and nymphs was aggregated on leaves according to Taylor’s power law (females: R2 = 0.92, b = 1.69 > 1; nymphs: R2 = 0.91, b = 2.29 > 1) and Lloyd’s patchiness index (females and nymphs: C > 1, Ca > 0, I > 0, M*/m > 1). The D. minowai population was dominated by females, and male density increased in June. Adult thrips overwintered on the bottom leaves, and they were most abundant from April to June and from August to October. Our findings will aid efforts to control D. minowai populations

Activity Patterns, Population Dynamics, and Spatial Distribution of the Stick Tea Thrips, <i>Dendrothrips minowai</i>, in Tea Plantations

The stick tea thrips, D. minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is one of the most economically significant thrips pests of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.) in China. Here, we sampled D. minowai in tea plantations from 2019 to 2022 to characterize its activity patterns, population dynamics, and spatial distribution. A large proportion of D. minowai individuals were caught in traps placed at heights ranging from 5 cm below to 25 cm above the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant, and the greatest number of individuals were captured at a height of 10 cm from the position of tender leaves at the top of the tea plant. Thrips were most abundant from 10:00 to 16:00 h in the spring and from 06:00 to 10:00 h and from 16:00 to 20:00 h on sunny days in the summer. The spatial distribution of D. minowai females and nymphs was aggregated on leaves according to Taylor’s power law (females: R2 = 0.92, b = 1.69 > 1; nymphs: R2 = 0.91, b = 2.29 > 1) and Lloyd’s patchiness index (females and nymphs: C > 1, Ca > 0, I > 0, M*/m > 1). The D. minowai population was dominated by females, and male density increased in June. Adult thrips overwintered on the bottom leaves, and they were most abundant from April to June and from August to October. Our findings will aid efforts to control D. minowai populations