(1R*,2S*)-2-Nitro-1-(4-nitro­phen­yl)propanol

The title compound, C9H10N2O5, presents a racemic mixture of two enanti­omeric diastereomers. In the crystal, mol­ecules assemble into zigzag chains parallel to the b axis [C(6) motif] due to the formation of elongated O—H⋯O(N) hydrogen bonds. Of inter­est is the fact that only the aliphatic nitro group is involved in hydrogen bonding and it adopts a gauche conformation with respect to the OH group

The Contagion Effect of Compensation Regulation: Evidence From China

To shed light on whether and how firms changed compensation practices in response to a shift in the environment in which they operated, we examine whether there is contagion effect of executive compensation regulation on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the emerging market of China. Specifically, we investigate whether firms not directly affected by the changing regulatory environment nonetheless changed executive compensation in response to the actions of the directly affected firms, which is called contagion effect. We further examine the specific contagion mechanisms and the economic consequences of regulation on compensation. We find that the regulation has a significant effect on compensation gap in central SOEs and a contagion effect on local SOEs but not for non-SOEs. Within SOEs, there is an intra-industry contagion effect of compensation regulation but not an intra-region effect. Further, central SOEs and local SOEs experience reduced firm performance after the compensation regulations, but not the non-SOEs; indicating that the compensation regulation does not have favorable economic consequences for both the directly affected central SOEs and the indirectly affected local SOEs

Parallel Space-Mapping Based Yield-Driven em Optimization Incorporating Trust Region Algorithm and Polynomial Chaos Expansion

Space mapping (SM) methodology has been recognized as a powerful tool for accelerating electromagnetic (EM)-based yield optimization. This paper proposes a novel parallel space-mapping based yield-driven EM optimization technique incorporating trust region algorithm and polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). In this technique, a novel trust region algorithm is proposed to increase the robustness of the SM surrogate in each iteration during yield optimization. The proposed algorithm updates the trust radius of each design parameter based on the effectiveness of minimizing the $l_{1}$ objective function using the surrogate, thereby increasing the robustness of the SM surrogate. Moreover, for the first time, parallel computation method is incorporated into SM-based yield-driven design to accelerate the overall yield optimization process of microwave structures. The use of parallel computation allows the surrogate developed in the proposed technique to be valid in a larger neighborhood than that in standard SM, consequently increasing the speed of finding the optimal yield solution in SM-based yield-driven design. Lastly, the PCE approach is incorporated into the proposed technique to further speed up yield verification on the fine model. Compared with the standard SM-based yield optimization technique with sequential computation, the propose