53 research outputs found

    Classification automatique des procédés de traduction

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    International audienceIn order to distinguish literal translation from other translation processes, translators and linguists have proposed several typologies to characterize different translation processes, such as idiomatic equivalence, generalization, particularization, semantic modulation, etc. However, the techniques to extract paraphrases from bilingual parallel corpora have not exploited this information. In this work, we propose an automatic classification of translation processes, based on manually annotated examples in an English-French parallel corpus of TED Talks. Even with a small dataset, the experimental results are encouraging and our experiments show the direction to follow in future work.En vue de distinguer la traduction littérale des autres procédés de traduction, des traducteurs et linguistes ont proposé plusieurs typologies pour caractériser les différents procédés de traduction, tels que l'équivalence idiomatique, la généralisation, la particularisation, la modulation sémantique, etc. En revanche, les techniques d'extraction de paraphrases à partir de corpus parallèles bilingues n'ont pas exploité ces informations. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une classification automatique des procédés de traduction en nous basant sur des exemples annotés manuellement dans un corpus parallèle (anglais-français) de TED Talks. Même si le jeu de données est petit, les résultats expérimentaux sont encourageants, et les expériences montrent la direction à suivre dans les futurs travaux

    Event-Triggered Reliable Control in Networked Control Systems with Probabilistic Actuator Faults

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    This paper introduces a novel event-triggered scheme into networked control systems which is used to determine when to transmit the newly sampled state information to the controller. Considering the effect of the network transmission delay and probabilistic actuator fault with different failure rates, a new actuator fault model is proposed under this event-triggered scheme. Then, criteria for the exponential mean square stability (EMSS) and criteria for codesigning both the feedback and the trigger parameters are derived by using Lyapunov functional method. These criteria are obtained in the form of linear matrix inequalities. A simulation example is employed to show that our event-triggered scheme can lead to a larger release period than some existing ones

    Nanoplanktonic diatom rapidly alters sinking velocity via regulating lipid content and composition in response to changing nutrient concentrations

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    Diatom sinking plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, accounting for approximately 40% of marine particulate organic carbon export. While oceanic models typically represent diatoms as microphytoplankton (> 20 μm), it is important to recognize that many diatoms fall into the categories of nanophytoplankton (2-20 μm) and picophytoplankton (< 2 μm). These smaller diatoms have also been found to significantly contribute to carbon export. However, our understanding of their sinking behavior and buoyancy regulation mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we investigate the sinking behavior of a nanoplanktonic diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), which exhibits rapid changes in sinking behavior in response to varying nutrient concentrations. Our results demonstrate that a higher sinking rate is observed under phosphate limitation and depletion. Notably, in phosphate depletion, the sinking rate of P. tricornutum was 0.79 ± 0.03 m d-1, nearly three times that of the previously reported sinking rates for Skeletonema costatum, Ditylum brightwellii, and Chaetoceros gracile. Furthermore, during the first 6 h of phosphate spike, the sinking rate of P. tricornutum remained consistently high. After 12 h of phosphate spike, the sinking rate decreased to match that of the phosphate repletion phase, only to increase again over the next 12 hours due to phosphate depletion. This rapid sinking behavior contributes to carbon export and potentially allows diatoms to exploit nutrient-rich patches when encountering increased nutrient concentrations. We also observed a significant positive correlation (P< 0.001) between sinking rate and lipid content (R = 0.91) during the phosphate depletion and spike experiment. It appears that P. tricornutum regulates its sinking rate by increasing intracellular lipid content, particularly digalactosyldiacylglycerol, hexosyl ceramide, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and triglycerides. Additionally, P. tricornutum replaces phospholipids with more dense membrane sulfolipids, such as sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol under phosphate shortage. These findings shed light on the intricate relationship between nutrient availability, sinking behavior, and lipid composition in diatoms, providing insights into their adaptive strategies for carbon export and nutrient utilization

    Reconnaissance des procédés de traduction sous-phrastiques : des ressources aux validations

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    Translation techniques constitute an important subject in translation studies and in linguistics. When confronted with a certain word or segment that is difficult to translate, human translators must apply particular solutions instead of literal translation, such as idiomatic equivalence, generalization, particularization, syntactic or semantic modulation, etc.However, this subject has received little attention in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Our research problem is twofold: is it possible to automatically recognize translation techniques? Can some NLP tasks benefit from the recognition of translation techniques?Our working hypothesis is that it is possible to automatically recognize the different translation techniques (e.g. literal versus non-literal). To verify our hypothesis, we annotated a parallel English-French corpus with translation techniques, while establishing an annotation guide. Our typology of techniques is proposed based on previous typologies, and is adapted to our corpus. The inter-annotator agreement (0.67) is significant but slightly exceeds the threshold of a strong agreement (0.61), reflecting the difficulty of the annotation task. Based on annotated examples, we then worked on the automatic classification of translation techniques. Even if the dataset is limited, the experimental results validate our working hypothesis regarding the possibility of recognizing the different translation techniques. We have also shown that adding context-sensitive features is relevant to improve the automatic classification.In order to test the genericity of our typology of translation techniques and the annotation guide, our studies of manual annotation have been extended to the English-Chinese language pair. This pair shares far fewer linguistic and cultural similarities than the English-French pair. The annotation guide has been adapted and enriched. The typology of translation techniques remains the same as that used for the English-French pair, which justifies studying the transfer of the experiments conducted for the English-French pair to the English-Chinese pair.With the aim to validate the benefits of these studies, we have designed a tool to help learners of French as a foreign language in reading comprehension. An experiment on reading comprehension with Chinese students confirms our working hypothesis and allows us to model the tool. Other research perspectives include helping to build paraphrase resources, evaluating automatic word alignment and evaluating the quality of machine translation.Les procédés de traduction constituent un sujet important pour les traductologues et les linguistes. Face à un certain mot ou segment difficile à traduire, les traducteurs humains doivent appliquer les solutions particulières au lieu de la traduction littérale, telles que l'équivalence idiomatique, la généralisation, la particularisation, la modulation syntaxique ou sémantique, etc.En revanche, ce sujet a reçu peu d'attention dans le domaine du Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL). Notre problématique de recherche se décline en deux questions : est-il possible de reconnaître automatiquement les procédés de traduction ? Certaines tâches en TAL peuvent-elles bénéficier de la reconnaissance des procédés de traduction ?Notre hypothèse de travail est qu'il est possible de reconnaître automatiquement les différents procédés de traduction (par exemple littéral versus non littéral). Pour vérifier notre hypothèse, nous avons annoté un corpus parallèle anglais-français en procédés de traduction, tout en établissant un guide d'annotation. Notre typologie de procédés est proposée en nous appuyant sur des typologies précédentes, et est adaptée à notre corpus. L'accord inter-annotateur (0,67) est significatif mais dépasse peu le seuil d'un accord fort (0,61), ce qui reflète la difficulté de la tâche d'annotation. En nous fondant sur des exemples annotés, nous avons ensuite travaillé sur la classification automatique des procédés de traduction. Même si le jeu de données est limité, les résultats expérimentaux valident notre hypothèse de travail concernant la possibilité de reconnaître les différents procédés de traduction. Nous avons aussi montré que l'ajout des traits sensibles au contexte est pertinent pour améliorer la classification automatique.En vue de tester la généricité de notre typologie de procédés de traduction et du guide d'annotation, nos études sur l'annotation manuelle ont été étendues au couple de langues anglais-chinois. Ce couple de langues partagent beaucoup moins de points communs par rapport au couple anglais-français au niveau linguistique et culturel. Le guide d'annotation a été adapté et enrichi. La typologie de procédés de traduction reste identique à celle utilisée pour le couple anglais-français, ce qui justifie d'étudier le transfert des expériences menées pour le couple anglais-français au couple anglais-chinois.Dans le but de valider l'intérêt de ces études, nous avons conçu un outil d'aide à la compréhension écrite pour les apprenants de français langue étrangère. Une expérience sur la compréhension écrite avec des étudiants chinois confirme notre hypothèse de travail et permet de modéliser l'outil. D'autres perspectives de recherche incluent l'aide à la construction de ressource de paraphrases, l'évaluation de l'alignement automatique de mots et l'évaluation de la qualité de la traduction automatique

    Recognition of sub-sentential translation techniques : from resources to validation

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    Les procédés de traduction constituent un sujet important pour les traductologues et les linguistes. Face à un certain mot ou segment difficile à traduire, les traducteurs humains doivent appliquer les solutions particulières au lieu de la traduction littérale, telles que l'équivalence idiomatique, la généralisation, la particularisation, la modulation syntaxique ou sémantique, etc.En revanche, ce sujet a reçu peu d'attention dans le domaine du Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL). Notre problématique de recherche se décline en deux questions : est-il possible de reconnaître automatiquement les procédés de traduction ? Certaines tâches en TAL peuvent-elles bénéficier de la reconnaissance des procédés de traduction ?Notre hypothèse de travail est qu'il est possible de reconnaître automatiquement les différents procédés de traduction (par exemple littéral versus non littéral). Pour vérifier notre hypothèse, nous avons annoté un corpus parallèle anglais-français en procédés de traduction, tout en établissant un guide d'annotation. Notre typologie de procédés est proposée en nous appuyant sur des typologies précédentes, et est adaptée à notre corpus. L'accord inter-annotateur (0,67) est significatif mais dépasse peu le seuil d'un accord fort (0,61), ce qui reflète la difficulté de la tâche d'annotation. En nous fondant sur des exemples annotés, nous avons ensuite travaillé sur la classification automatique des procédés de traduction. Même si le jeu de données est limité, les résultats expérimentaux valident notre hypothèse de travail concernant la possibilité de reconnaître les différents procédés de traduction. Nous avons aussi montré que l'ajout des traits sensibles au contexte est pertinent pour améliorer la classification automatique.En vue de tester la généricité de notre typologie de procédés de traduction et du guide d'annotation, nos études sur l'annotation manuelle ont été étendues au couple de langues anglais-chinois. Ce couple de langues partagent beaucoup moins de points communs par rapport au couple anglais-français au niveau linguistique et culturel. Le guide d'annotation a été adapté et enrichi. La typologie de procédés de traduction reste identique à celle utilisée pour le couple anglais-français, ce qui justifie d'étudier le transfert des expériences menées pour le couple anglais-français au couple anglais-chinois.Dans le but de valider l'intérêt de ces études, nous avons conçu un outil d'aide à la compréhension écrite pour les apprenants de français langue étrangère. Une expérience sur la compréhension écrite avec des étudiants chinois confirme notre hypothèse de travail et permet de modéliser l'outil. D'autres perspectives de recherche incluent l'aide à la construction de ressource de paraphrases, l'évaluation de l'alignement automatique de mots et l'évaluation de la qualité de la traduction automatique.Translation techniques constitute an important subject in translation studies and in linguistics. When confronted with a certain word or segment that is difficult to translate, human translators must apply particular solutions instead of literal translation, such as idiomatic equivalence, generalization, particularization, syntactic or semantic modulation, etc.However, this subject has received little attention in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Our research problem is twofold: is it possible to automatically recognize translation techniques? Can some NLP tasks benefit from the recognition of translation techniques?Our working hypothesis is that it is possible to automatically recognize the different translation techniques (e.g. literal versus non-literal). To verify our hypothesis, we annotated a parallel English-French corpus with translation techniques, while establishing an annotation guide. Our typology of techniques is proposed based on previous typologies, and is adapted to our corpus. The inter-annotator agreement (0.67) is significant but slightly exceeds the threshold of a strong agreement (0.61), reflecting the difficulty of the annotation task. Based on annotated examples, we then worked on the automatic classification of translation techniques. Even if the dataset is limited, the experimental results validate our working hypothesis regarding the possibility of recognizing the different translation techniques. We have also shown that adding context-sensitive features is relevant to improve the automatic classification.In order to test the genericity of our typology of translation techniques and the annotation guide, our studies of manual annotation have been extended to the English-Chinese language pair. This pair shares far fewer linguistic and cultural similarities than the English-French pair. The annotation guide has been adapted and enriched. The typology of translation techniques remains the same as that used for the English-French pair, which justifies studying the transfer of the experiments conducted for the English-French pair to the English-Chinese pair.With the aim to validate the benefits of these studies, we have designed a tool to help learners of French as a foreign language in reading comprehension. An experiment on reading comprehension with Chinese students confirms our working hypothesis and allows us to model the tool. Other research perspectives include helping to build paraphrase resources, evaluating automatic word alignment and evaluating the quality of machine translation

    Construction d'un corpus multilingue annoté en relations de traduction

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    International audienceTranslation relations, which distinguish literal translation from other translation techniques, constitute an important subject of study for human translators (Chuquet & Paillard, 1989). However, automatic processing techniques based on interlingual relations, such as machine translation or paraphrase generation exploiting translation equivalence, have not exploited these relations explicitly until now. In this work, we present a categorisation of translation relations and annotate them in a parallel multilingual (English, French, Chinese) corpus of oral presentations, the TED Talks. Our long term objective will be to automatically detect these relations in order to integrate them as important characteristics for the search of monolingual segments in relation of equivalence (paraphrases) or of entailment. The annotated corpus resulting from our work will be made available to the community.Les relations de traduction, qui distinguent la traduction littérale d'autres procédés, constituent un sujet d'étude important pour les traducteurs humains (Chuquet & Paillard, 1989). Or les traitements automatiques fondés sur des relations entre langues, tels que la traduction automatique ou la méthode de génération de paraphrases par équivalence de traduction, ne les ont pas exploitées explicitement jusqu'à présent. Dans ce travail, nous présentons une catégorisation des relations de traduction et nous les annotons dans un corpus parallèle multilingue (anglais, français, chinois) de présentations orales, les TED Talks. Notre objectif à plus long terme sera d'en faire la détection de manière automatique afin de pouvoir les intégrer comme caractéristiques importantes pour la recherche de segments monolingues en relation d'équivalence (paraphrases) ou d'implication. Le corpus annoté résultant de notre travail sera mis à disposition de la communauté

    Grape seed proanthocyanidins alleviate the negative effects of dietary cadmium on pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female x Epinephelus lanceolatus male)

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    The present study was conducted to evaluate whether grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) could alleviate the negative effects of dietary cadmium on growth performance, body composition, activities of digestive enzymes, and antioxidant potential in the intestine of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female x Epinephelus lanceolatus male). Two hundred and forty pearl gentian groupers with the initial average body weight of 31.30±0.05 g/fish were randomly divided into four treatment groups with three replicates in each group and 20 fish in each replicate. The four treatment groups were identified as control group (the basal diet), Cd group (the basal diet+300 mg/kg Cd), Cd+GSPs group I (the basal diet+300 mg/kg Cd+400 mg/kg GSPs), and Cd+GSPs group II (the basal diet+300 mg/kg Cd+800 mg/kg GSPs group), respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days. Fish exposed to 300 mg/kg dietary cadmium had lower growth performance, mineral metabolism disorders with lower calcium and phosphorus levels, higher ash level, decreased lipase and protease activities, and antioxidant potential in the intestine. Dietary GSPs supplementation could counteract those negative effects to a certain extent. The alleviation effects of Cd+GSPs group II were better than those of Cd+GSPs group I. Except for calcium and phosphorus levels in whole fish composition, 800 mg/kg dietary GSPs supplementation could not recover the adverse effects caused by Cd stress. These results suggested that GSPs might potentially mediate dietary cadmium toxicity and alleviate the negative effects on pearl gentian grouper

    The value of myocardial torsion and aneurysm volume for evaluating cardiac function in rabbit with left ventricular aneurysm.

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    OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to investigate the effect of left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) volume and left ventricular global torsion on cardiac function by real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(2D-STI), to determine the accuracy of RT-3DE and 2D-STI in assessing LV function. METHODS:Thirty New Zealand rabbit models of with LVA were prepared by ligation of the middle segment of the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries. Four weeks post-procedure, RT-3DE was conducted to obtain data on LVEF, left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), and LVA volume (LVAV), Peak rotation angles at the mitral valve annulus level (MV-ROT), peak rotation angles at the apical level (AP-ROT), and left ventricular global torsion angles (LV-TOR) were measured by 2D-STI. RESULTS:Compared with controls, LVEDV and LVESV were significantly increased in the LVA group, while LVEF, MV-ROT, AP-ROT, and LV-TOR were consistently reduced (p<0.01). Moreover, LVEF correlated with LVA volume and LV torsion angle (r= -0.778 and 0.821, p<0.01). LVA volume/LVEDV had the strongest inverse relationship with LVEF (r= -0.911, p<0.01). CONCLUSION:LVA volume, LVA volume/LVEDV, and LV torsion may be used as an indicator for evaluation of cardiac function after LVA. Moreover, LVA volume/LVEDV may be a more sensitive and reliable marker of cardiac function after LVA formation

    Design and Experiment of Sweet Potato Up-Film Transplanting Device with a Boat-Bottom Posture

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    Aimed at solving the problem of the incidence of large film-breaking holes in the current sweet potato boat-bottom-shaped transplant, a boat-bottom-shaped up-film transplanting device was designed. Starting from the agronomic requirements of sweet potato up-film transplanting with a boat-bottom posture, an arc-shaped gripping mechanism was designed. In order to avoid further tearing and breaking the film hole during the movement of the clamping mechanism under the membrane, a transposition mechanism and a positioning cam were designed to jointly control the movement of the clamping mechanism. In order to ensure the stability of the transplanting plant spacing during the operation of the machine, a rotary encoder was used to collect the forward speed of the machine and adjust the speed of the power shaft in real time. Field experiments were carried out in order to verify the reliability and stability of the operation of the above-mentioned design mechanism. In the field test, the advance speed was used as the test factor, and the test indexes included three indexes of the seedlings after transplanting and three indexes of the film holes. The test results showed that the qualified rate of node depth in the middle of the seedling (QRNDMS) is between 95.67% and 86.79%, the qualified rate of root depth at the base of the seedlings (QRRDS) is between 94.00% and 90.11%, and the qualified rate of seedling length into the soil (QRSLS) is between 97.89% and 91.67%. The film hole spacing is between 240.33 mm and 245.32 mm, the film hole length is between 37.01 mm and 42.10 mm, and the film hole length variation rate is between 1.05% and 7.48%. This study can serve as a reference for up-film transplantation, particularly for boat-bottom-shaped up-film transplantation devices
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