Re-thinking Secularism in Post-Independence Tunisia

The victory of a Tunisian Islamist party in the elections of October 2011 seems a paradox for a country long considered the most secular in the Arab world and raises questions about the nature and limited reach of secularist policies imposed by the state since independence. Drawing on a definition of secularism as a process of defining, managing, and intervening in religious life by the state, this paper identifies how under Habib Bourguiba and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali the state sought to subordinate religion and to claim the sole right to interpret Islam for the public in an effort to win the monopoly over religious symbolism and, with it, political control. Both Bourguiba and Ben Ali relied on Islamic references for legitimacy, though this recourse to religion evolved to face changing contexts, and both sought to define Islam on their own terms. Bourguiba sought to place himself personally at the summit of power, while under Ben Ali the regime forged an authoritarian consensus of security, unity, and ‘tolerance’. In both cases the state politicised Islam but failed to maintain a monopoly over religious symbolism, facing repeated religious challenges to its political authority

The three last Upper Aptian cycles of the Serdj Formation.

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Sequences, discontinuities and water stratification in a low-energy ramp : the Early Albian sedimentation in central Tunisia

Based on a precise biostratigraphic framework stated previously, the detailed sedimentological study of eight sections of the early Albian succession of Central Tunisia made possible to refine the modalities of the Albian transgression and the related behavior of sedimentary system on the Tunisian margin. Major early Albian transgressive pulses occurred (i) at the base of the L. tardefurcata standard ammonite zone, (ii) around the top of the same zone, (iii) during the D. mammillatum standard zone, and (iv) near the top of the latter ammonite zone. They resulted in the progressive flooding of the Tunisian margin emergent since the Aptian boundary, in the disappearance of emergence evidences through time, in the southward backstepping of the carbonate shelf facies, and eventually in the homogeneization of the outer shelf marly sedimentation in the study area. The low energy of deposition of the early Albian sediments in this part of the South-Tethyan margin may be due to the deflection of winds and storms by the Coriolis forces toward the North-Tethyan margin, creating a clockwise gyre in this part of the ocean. This circulation may have enhanced upwelling currents likely responsible for phosphate mineralization, and for the oxygen depletion of deep waters, which progressively invaded the Tunisian margin, giving way to organic-rich deposits of late early Albian age. The early Albian sedimentation is then interrupted by a major hiatus of middle Albian to early late Albian age

Upper Aptian tilted blocks: paleotectonic setting, karstification and mineralization.

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