The Relative Effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies on Ethiopian Economic Growth

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relative effect of monetary policy and fiscal policy on economic growth in Ethiopia. The paper employed annual time series data from a period of 2009 to 2019. The paper performed Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for unit root, Johansson test of co-integration and Ordinary Least Squares estimation technique to analyze the data. The findings revealed that monetary policy proxy by interest rate has significantly a negative effect on the Ethiopian economic output. Likewise, the study found that fiscal policy proxy by government expenditure has significantly and positively influenced the economic growth (GDP) in Ethiopia. Finally, the study exposed that fiscal policy is somewhat influential than monetary policy in altering economic growth of Ethiopia. The study suggested that both fiscal and monetary policies should be implemented simultaneously to ensure macroeconomic stability and sustainable economic growth in Ethiopia. It is also recommended that government annual budget and projects implementation should be monitored adequately to ensure price stability, full employment, and economic growth. Monetary policies implemented by the National Bank of Ethiopia should promote conducive investment atmosphere through appropriate stabilization of interest rates, and inflation rates to promote economic growth of the country. DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-11-01 Publication date: November 30th 2020

Strategies to Enhance Employability of TVET Graduates in Ethiopia: Evidence from Literature and Documents

The growing number of unemployed graduates in Ethiopia has made TVET institutions to focus on employability enhancement strategies. The purpose of this paper was to examine the policies and laws addressing employability and also to identify strategies in place to enhance employability of TVET graduates in Ethiopia. A qualitative approach was employed. The study used secondary data sources involving, reviews of documents and relevant literature in an attempt to answer the research questions. The information were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the issue of graduate employability has been integrated in national policies and strategies, and international laws though limited implementation of these policies in enhancing employability of graduates in Ethiopia. Finally, the study concluded that TVET institutions should work mainly on the identified strategies as they might have positive contributions to producing competent graduates as well as insuring employability. Keywords: Employability, Graduates, TVET Institution, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-1-04 Publication date: January 31st 202

The effects of trainers’ competence on employability of government polytechnic college graduates in Dire Dawa City, east-central Ethiopia

The need for competent and qualified trainers is of paramount importance for an effective technical training system that, in turn, helps to produce competent and employable graduates for the country’s economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of trainers' competence on the employability of polytechnic college graduates in Dire Dawa. The study employed a descriptive-correlational-explanatory research design with a quantitative research method. The sample for quantitative data consisted of 351 randomly selected graduates, trainees, trainers, and administrators. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that trainers’ competence was positively correlated with graduates' employability. Specifically, predictors such as knowledge-related competence, assessment-related competence, skill-related competence, and managerial competence were found to have significant and positive effects on the employability of polytechnic college graduates in Dire Dawa. Therefore, the study recommends that the Dire Dawa city Labour Skill and Technology Development Bureau and Polytechnic colleges should give greater emphasis on improving trainers’ competence, which in turn enhances the employability of graduates

A Comparative Analysis of Ethiopian Employment Policy

This comparative analysis was aimed to make comparison of national employment policy and strategies between developing and developed countries. To this end, National Employment policies of Ethiopia, Kenya and France was taken as a unit of analysis for comparison. The method of analysis was mainly descriptive by reviewing the contents, and contexts of the policy of these countries based on the given framework. The results of analysis revealed that there is a great deal of similarities/convergence between the two African countries - Ethiopia and Kenya in terms of policy content and context. For instance, the rationale and main focus of their employment policies are mainly revolving around employment creation and poverty reduction; but that of France is full employment and better jobs. In many aspects, the main contents and structure of the policy document of Ethiopia and Kenya are similar; but that of France is not. The policies of these three countries are often affected by the ideologies of the political context in which the policy is formulated and implemented. For example, the Ethiopian and Kenyan employment policies are largely under the influence of the ideologies of the governing parties and reflecting their preferences. Whereas that of France is reflecting the ideologies of the European Union. Countries particularly like Ethiopia and Kenya, whose economy is predominantly agrarian/rural with a labour market characterized by the existence of a substantial informal sector, greater focus would be needed on creating high growth of employment-intensive sectors and measures that can gradually transform the informal into formal employment. Visible support and regular commitment from the Governments and responsible Ministers and heads of Departments and Agencies and other relevant Regional/County stakeholders are essential for the effective implementation of the national employment policies and strategies in those countries under this review. Keywords: Comparative analysis, Employment policy, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-5-01 Publication date:March 31st 202

A Comparative Analysis of Ethiopian Employment Policy

This comparative analysis was aimed to make comparison of national employment policy and strategies between developing and developed countries. To this end, National Employment policies of Ethiopia, Kenya and France was taken as a unit of analysis for comparison. The method of analysis was mainly descriptive by reviewing the contents, and contexts of the policy of these countries based on the given framework. The results of analysis revealed that there is a great deal of similarities/convergence between the two African countries - Ethiopia and Kenya in terms of policy content and context. For instance, the rationale and main focus of their employment policies are mainly revolving around employment creation and poverty reduction; but that of France is full employment and better jobs. In many aspects, the main contents and structure of the policy document of Ethiopia and Kenya are similar; but that of France is not. The policies of these three countries are often affected by the ideologies of the political context in which the policy is formulated and implemented. For example, the Ethiopian and Kenyan employment policies are largely under the influence of the ideologies of the governing parties and reflecting their preferences. Whereas that of France is reflecting the ideologies of the European Union. Countries particularly like Ethiopia and Kenya, whose economy is predominantly agrarian/rural with a labour market characterized by the existence of a substantial informal sector, greater focus would be needed on creating high growth of employment-intensive sectors and measures that can gradually transform the informal into formal employment. Visible support and regular commitment from the Governments and responsible Ministers and heads of Departments and Agencies and other relevant Regional/County stakeholders are essential for the effective implementation of the national employment policies and strategies in those countries under this review. Keywords: Comparative analysis, Employment policy, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-7-02 Publication date: April 30th 202