11 research outputs found
The impact of innovation for biotech drugs: An Italian analysis of products licensed in Europe between 2004 and 2011
Beans in Europe: Origin and Structure of the European Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
This study focuses on the expansion of Phaseolus vulgaris in Europe. The pathways of distribution of beans into and across Europe were very complex, with several introductions from the New World that were combined with direct exchanges between European and other Mediterranean countries. We have analyzed here six chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) loci and two unlinked nuclear loci (for phaseolin types and Pv-shatterproof1). We have assessed the genetic structure and level of diversity of a large collection of European landraces of P. vulgaris (307) in comparison to 94 genotypes from the Americas that are representative of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. First, we show that most of the European common bean landraces (67%) are of Andean origin, and that there are no strong differences across European regions for the proportions of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Moreover, cytoplasmic diversity is evenly distributed across European regions. Secondly, the cytoplasmic bottleneck that was due to the introduction of P. vulgaris into the Old World was very weak or nearly absent. This is in contrast to evidence from nuclear analyses that have suggested a bottleneck of greater intensity. Finally, we estimate that a relatively high proportion of the European bean germplasm (about 44%) was derived from hybridization between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Moreover, although hybrids are present everywhere in Europe, they show an uneven distribution, with high frequencies in central Europe, and low frequencies in Spain and Italy. On the basis of these data, we suggest that the entire European continent and not only some of the countries therein can be regarded as a secondary diversification center for P. vulgaris. Finally, we outline the relevance of these inter-gene pool hybrids for plant breeding
Origin and structure of the European common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) landraces
Domestication of Phaseolus vulgaris L. occurred independently in Mesoamerica and the
Andes, giving rise to two highly differentiated gene pools. The pathways of dissemination of beans
into Europe were very complex, with several introductions from the New World combined with
direct exchanges between European and other Mediterranean countries. In the present study, we
have used seven chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs), and two unlinked nuclear loci:
phaseolin and Pv-SHATTERPROOF1. The molecular data were used to assess the genetic structure
and the level of diversity of a large collection of European landraces of P. vulgaris (307) in
comparison with 94 American genotypes representing the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools.
We then compared the diversity of common bean landraces from Europe (as numbers of alleles,
haplotypes, gene diversity and genetic differentiation) with that from the American centres of origin.
Our results show that most of the European common bean landraces are of Andean origin and that
the bottleneck due to the introduction into the Old World was not as strong as has been previously
suggested. Finally our data indicate that in Europe, a significant portion of the bean germplasm has
derived from hybridization between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools
Beans in Europe: origin and structure of the European landraces of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.
This study focuses on the expansion of Phaseolus vulgaris in Europe. The pathways of distribution of beans into and across Europe were very complex, with several introductions from
the New World that were combined with direct exchanges between European and other Mediterranean countries. We have analyzed
here six chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) loci and two unlinked nuclear loci (for phaseolin types and Pv-shatterproof1). We have assessed the genetic structure and level of diversity of a large collection of European landraces of P. vulgaris (307) in comparison to 94 genotypes from the Americas that are representative of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools.
First, we show that most of the European common bean landraces (67%) are of Andean origin, and that there are no strong differences
across European regions for the proportions of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Moreover, cytoplasmic diversity is
evenly distributed across European regions. Secondly, the cytoplasmic bottleneck that was due to the introduction of P. vulgaris into the Old World was very weak or nearly absent. This is in contrast to evidence from nuclear analyses that have suggested
a bottleneck of greater intensity. Finally, we estimate that a relatively high proportion of the European bean germplasm (about
44%) was derived from hybridization between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. Moreover, although hybrids are present
everywhere in Europe, they show an uneven distribution, with high frequencies in central Europe, and low frequencies in Spain
and Italy. On the basis of these data, we suggest that the entire European continent and not only some of the countries therein
can be regarded as a secondary diversification center for P. vulgaris. Finally, we outline the relevance of these inter-gene pool hybrids for plant breeding
EUROPEAN RUNNER BEAN LANDRACES: GENETIC DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE ASSESSED BY CHLOROPLAST MICROSATELLITES
Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data
Knowledge about the origins and evolution of crop species represents
an important prerequisite for efficient conservation and use
of existing plant materials. This study was designed to solve the
ongoing debate on the origins of the common bean by investigating
the nucleotide diversity at five gene loci of a large sample that
represents the entire geographical distribution of the wild forms of
this species. Our data clearly indicate a Mesoamerican origin of the
common bean. They also strongly support the occurrence of a
bottleneck during the formation of the Andean gene pool that
predates the domestication, which was suggested by recent studies
based on multilocus molecular markers. Furthermore, a remarkable
result was the genetic structure that was seen for the Mesoamerican
accessions, with the identification of four different genetic groups
that have different relationships with the sets of wild accessions
from the Andes and northern Peru–Ecuador. This finding implies
that both of the gene pools from South America originated through
different migration events from the Mesoamerican populations that
were characteristic of central Mexico
Molecular analysis of the parallel domestication of the common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) in Mesoamerica and the Andes
We have studied the nucleotide diversity of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, which is characterized by two independent domestications in two geographically distinct areas: Mesoamerica and the Andes. This provides an important model, as domestication can be studied as
a replicate experiment.
We used nucleotide data from five gene fragments characterized by large introns to analyse 214 accessions (102 wild and 112 domesticated). The wild accessions represent a crosssection of the entire geographical distribution of P. vulgaris.
A reduction in genetic diversity in both of these gene pools was found, which was threefold greater in Mesoamerica compared with the Andes. This appears to be a result of a bottleneck that occurred before domestication in the Andes, which strongly impoverished this wild germplasm, leading to the minor effect of the subsequent domestication bottleneck (i.e. sequential bottleneck).
These findings show the importance of considering the evolutionary history of crop species as a major factor that influences their current level and structure of genetic diversity. Furthermore, these data highlight a single domestication event within each gene pool. Although the
findings should be interpreted with caution, this evidence indicates the Oaxaca valley in Mesoamerica, and southern Bolivia and northern Argentina in South America, as the origins of common bean domestication
Molecular analysis of the parallel domestication of the common bean ( P
We have studied the nucleotide diversity of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, which is characterized by two independent domestications in two geographically distinct areas: Mesoamerica
and the Andes. This provides an important model, as domestication can be studied as a replicate experiment.
We used nucleotide data from five gene fragments characterized by large introns to analyse 214 accessions (102 wild and 112 domesticated). The wild accessions represent a crosssection
of the entire geographical distribution of P. vulgaris.
A reduction in genetic diversity in both of these gene pools was found, which was threefold greater in Mesoamerica compared with the Andes. This appears to be a result of a bottleneck
that occurred before domestication in the Andes, which strongly impoverished this wild germplasm, leading to the minor effect of the subsequent domestication bottleneck (i.e. sequential bottleneck). These findings show the importance of considering the evolutionary history of crop species as a major factor that influences their current level and structure of genetic diversity. Furthermore, these data highlight a single domestication event within each gene pool. Although the findings should be interpreted with caution, this evidence indicates the Oaxaca valley in Mesoamerica, and southern Bolivia and northern Argentina in South America, as the origins of common bean domestication
Bridging a patient with acute liver failure to liver transplantation by the AMC-bioartificial liver
Recently a phase I clinical trial has been started in Italy to bridge patients with acute liver failure (ALF) to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) by the AMC-bioartificial liver (AMC-BAL). The AMC-BAL is charged with 10 X 109 viable primary porcine hepatocytes isolated from a specified pathogen-free (SPF) pig. Here we report a patient with ALF due to acute HBV infection. This patient was treated for 35 It by two AMC-BAL treatments and was bridged to OLT. There was improvement of biochemical and clinical parameters during the treatment. No severe adverse events were observed during treatment and follow-up of 15 months after hospital discharge. Possible porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) activity could not be detected in the patient's blood or blood cells up to 12 months after treatmen