The enhancing effect of afforestation over secondary succession on soil quality under semiarid climate conditions

Semiarid climate conditions hamper natural re-vegetation, leaving the soil vulnerable to erosion after the cessation of agriculture. Therefore, soil and landscape protective measures, especially afforestations, have been implemented in the Mediterranean region since the early 20th century. This study aims to determine the long term impact of afforestation on soil functioning, in comparison with natural re-vegetation (secondary succession) on abandoned fields and semi-natural vegetation. A comparison of secondary succession and afforestation with the present traditional rain fed cereal fields and semi-natural (open) forest, including natural resource islands, was made as well. Composite soil samples were taken to study the physical (i.e. texture, aggregate stability) and chemical (i.e. carbon content, nutrient availability) soil characteristics after 20 and 40 years of afforestation and secondary natural succession. To take into account the resource island effect, the spatial heterogeneity induced by differences in plant cover, samples were taken both below and in between the tree canopy of the semi-natural and afforested Pinus halepensis trees. Our results indicate that under secondary succession on abandoned fields, soil quality improves non-linearly and only marginally over a time of 40 years. The afforestation showed a much more pronounced linear increase for most soil quality indicators, resulting in soil conditions comparable to what can be found under the semi-natural forest vegetation. Site preparation might have been a crucial factor for the success of ecosystem restoration in the studied dry land area as it improved water availability for the afforestation

Root-induced fungal growth triggers macroaggregation in forest subsoils.

Subsoils are characterized by low concentrations of organic carbon (OC). Nevertheless, they contain more than half of the global soil OC because of their large volume. This discrepancy suggests that subsoils might further sequester carbon (C), thus acting as potential sinks for atmospheric C. Plant roots and associated rhizodeposits are a major OC input source to subsoils. However, whether and how increased OC inputs via plant roots to subsoils affect soil C sequestration mechanisms remains unclear. Here we set up a pot experiment with European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings to investigate the effect of tree roots and associated rhizosphere development on soil aggregation and C allocation in topsoil vs. subsoil material collected from three forest sites of different parent materials. Over a 5-month growth period, the seedlings developed a dense root system transforming the whole soil volume into root-affected (i.e., rhizosphere) soil. We found that roots and the associated rhizosphere development increased the amount of macroaggregates in the two finest-textured subsoils. The most C-poor and fine-textured subsoil had a 15% increase in bulk OC concentration, indicating a potential for C sequestration in subsoils by enhanced macroaggregation. Across subsoils, rooting strongly enhanced microbial abundance and was especially correlated with fungal abundance and a shift in the fungal-to-bacterial- ratio. The strong fungal growth was likely the cause for the enhanced macroaggregation in these subsoils. In topsoils, however, rooting treatment decreased macroaggregate abundance, potentially through the disruption of preexisting aggregates, as indicated by the concomitant increase in microaggregates. Our study supports the growing awareness that OC dynamics may be governed by different mechanisms in top- and subsoils, respectively. It demonstrates that the enhanced addition of OM via plant roots to subsoils boosts fungal growth and thereby increases macroaggregate formation, potentially facilitating C sequestration by occlusion