The concept of Constraint: A New Approach to the Concept of Contradiction in Law

The concept of contradiction is important in the interpretation of legal and religious laws because the legislator uses the concept of contradiction in many laws. In law texts, this concept has been referred to as condition, attribute, goal, limitation, number and title. As each of these concepts has been treated separately, it has caused an increase in the volume of the relevant law texts. This does not seem to be a proper policy because all of these concepts constrain the law in similar ways. Therefore, one can discuss them under a general umbrella term introduced as the concept of constraint in the present article. All these concepts are used somehow to limit or to constrain the subject of a law. The question that can be raised is whether a law is actually nullified as the constraints mentioned in it are removed? This article explores ways of studying and researching concepts related to contradiction. It expects to introduce a new approach that can be used in the current practices of law and jurisprudence in Iran. The findings of the present work indicate that the concept of constraint is actually a unitary one and one cannot rely on lexical variations in the related literature. The intentions of the legislator may be arrived at by considering both the superficial lexical items used and their logical implications

CIDEX, SAVLON AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: WHICH OF THEM IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN DISINFECTION OF VENTILATOR TUBES

Introduction: Nasocomial infections threat any hospitalized patient, specially in intensive care unit. Incidence of these infections has been reported from 1.9 to more than 25 percent. The most common nasocomial infection in intensive care units (ICU) is pneumonia caused by endotraheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The best procedure for pneumonia prevention in patients under mechanical ventilation is utilization of suitable and proper techniques for equipment sterilization: The goal of this study is determination and comparison of disinfectant materials (cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide) about their effects on incidence and type of mechanical ventilators breathing tubes contamination in intensive care unit.
 Methods: This is an experimental trial which was done on three groups of mechanical ventilator breathing tubes. Each group contained 20 samples. These three groups of breathing tubes were disinfected with cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide. Samples were obtained from tubes for microbial culture berore and after disinfection. Samples were cultured on blood agar. The results of microbial culturing were compared between three groups.
 Results: There was no significant difference between three groups of breathing tubes about microbial types and number of colony counted before disinfection. There was no significant difference between cultured colony numbers in three groups before and after disinfection. Cidex, savlon and hydrogen peroxide could decrease incidence of contamination to 100, 98.09 and 100 percent, respectively.
 Discussion: All of tested chemical materials have the same results in disinfection. Hydrogen peroxide has less adverse effect on human and environment than cidex. It is less expensive than cidex. So, we recommend to use this material for disifection of mechanical ventilator berthing tubes