La problemática judía en la novela Sefarad de Antonio Muñoz Molina

The aim of this work is the analysis of the Jewish themes in Antonio Mu- ñoz Molina’s novel Sefarad, in the context of discourse of the historical memory. This novel is interpreted as an attempt to reconstruct the col- lective and individual memory. The study is focused on the literary im- age of two historical events: the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and the Holocaust. The comparison of this two events reveals the his- torical mechanisms that may repeat themselves. The analysis of literary devices used in Sefarad demonstrates the functioning of the memory and the role of the narration in the reinterpretation of the past. The concep- tion of the “postmemory” is employed to explain the trasmission of the traumatic memories between generations. The reconstruction of the his- torical memory allows to save the victims’ stories from being forgotten. Moreover, it seems necessary to understand the current problems, as well as for the planification of the future.El objetivo de este trabajo es el análisis de la problemática judía en la novela Sefarad de Antonio Muñoz Molina, en el contexto del discurso de la memoria histórica. Esta novela es interpretada como un inten- to de reconstruir la memoria colectiva e individual. El estudio se cen- tra en la imagen literaria de dos acontecimientos históricos: la expul- sión de los judíos de España en 1492 y el Holocausto. La comparación de estos acontecimientos revela los mecanismos históricos que pueden repetirse. El análisis de los recursos literarios utilizados en Sefarad de- muestra el funcionamiento de la memoria y el papel de la narración en la reinterpretación del pasado. Se emplea el concepto de la “post- memoria” para explicar la transmisión de los recuerdos traumáticos entre las generaciones. La reconstrucción de la memoria histórica per- mite salvar del olvido las historias de las víctimas. Además, parece ser necesaria para entender los problemas actuales, así como para la pla- nificación del futuro

Gra o tożsamość w powieści Mi nombre es Jamaica José Manuela Fajardo

The subject of this article is an analysis of the image of Jewish identity in the novel Mi nombre es Jamaica by José Manuel Fajardo. A compari­ son of two variants of this identity presented in the novel reveals the reasons of differences between them. Historical circumstances have re­ peatedly disrupted generational continuity in the process of shaping Jewish identity, therefore, the attempts to reconstruct it may differ de­ pending on the person who undertakes them and on the purposes they are intended to serve. The vision of a Jewish identity in a person who has experienced generational continuity is significantly different from the vision of a person who, having no such experience, had to construct the identity himself.Tematem artykułu jest analiza obrazu tożsamości żydowskiej w po­ wieści Mi nombre es Jamaica José Manuela Fajardo. Porównanie dwóch przedstawionych w powieści wariantów tej tożsamości pozwala do­ strzec przyczyny istniejących między nimi różnic. Okoliczności hi­ storyczne wielokrotnie zaburzały ciągłość pokoleniową w procesie kształtowania się tożsamości żydowskiej, w związku z czym próby jej rekonstrukcji mogą różnić się w zależności od osoby, która je po­ dejmuje, oraz od celów jakim mają one służyć. Wizja tożsamości ży­ dowskiej u osoby, która doświadczyła ciągłości pokoleniowej, znaczą­ co różni się od wizji osoby, która nie posiadając takiego doświadczenia musiała samodzielnie ją skonstruować

Do the short helices exist in the nematic TB phase?

Dimeric compounds forming twist-bend nematic, Ntb, phase show unusual optical textures related to the formation of arrays of focal conic defects (FCDs). Some of the focal conics exhibit submicron internal structure with 8 nm periodicity, which is very close to that found in the crystalline phase of the material, that might suggest surface freezing

Rational Design of Rod-Like Liquid Crystals Exhibiting two Nematic Phases.

Recently a polar, rod-like liquid-crystalline material was reported to exhibit two distinct nematic mesophases (termed N and NX¬) separated by a weakly first order transition. In this work we present our initial studies into the structure-property relationships that underpin the occurrence of the lower temperature nematic phase, and in doing so report several new materials that exhibit this same transformation. In doing so we have prepared material with significantly enhanced temperature ranges, allowing us to perform a detailed study of both the upper- and lower- temperature nematic phases using small angle X-ray scattering. We observe a continuous change in d-spacing rather than a sharp change at the phase transition, a result consistent with a transition between two nematic phases whose structures are presumably degenerate

Dependence of Mesomorphic Behaviour of Methylene-Linked Dimers and the Stability of the NTB/NX Phase upon Choice of Mesogenic Units and Terminal Chain Length

Twelve symmetrical dimeric materials consisting of a nonamethylene (C9) spacer and either phenyl 4-(4'-alkylphenyl)benzoate, phenyl 4-(4'-alkylcyclohexyl)benzoate or phenyl 4-(4'-alkylbicyclohexyl)carboxylate mesogenic units were prepared and their mesogenic behaviour characterised by POM, DSC and XRD. All of the materials exhibited nematic phases with clearing points in excess of 200°C. Four compounds were found to exhibit the twist-bend nematic phase, with one material exhibiting a transition from the NTB phase into an anticlinic smectic 'X' phase. Across all three series of compounds the length of terminal chain is seen to dictate, to some degree, the type of mesophase formed: shorter terminal chains favour nematic and NTB mesophases, whereas longer terminal aliphatic chains were found to promote smectic phases

Isomeric trimesogens exhibiting modulated nematic mesophases

Modulated nematic phases, in which the constituent molecules possess some form of superstructure in addition to the average orientational organization and lack positional order present in classical nematic phases, are of current fascination in liquid crystal research. Most of the recent focus has been on the twist-bend nematic phase. This phase exhibits phenomena that are of fundamental importance to science; the spontaneous formation of a helical pitch of nanometre scale in a fluid and the spontaneous breaking of mirror symmetry leading to the emergence of chiral domains in an achiral system. In this communication we report on the synthesis of two liquid-crystalline trimesogens whose structures are an extension of the known dimeric material CB6OCB. One material (A63) exhibits a nematic phase with a twist-bend modulation (NTB phase), whereas a structurally isomeric material (B63) exhibits an unusual nematic like mesophase which we believe is a candidate for being a new form of modulated nematic. Whereas the properties of dimeric LCs are somewhat indifferent to chemical composition, the stark difference in behaviour between the two materials herein shows that oligomers may exhibit an unexpected sensitivity to molecular structure

Does Topology Dictate the Incidence of the Twist-Bend Phase? : Insights Gained from Novel Unsymmetrical Bimesogens

We prepared a significant number of unsymmetrical liquid-crystalline dimers that exhibit the twist-bend nematic phase; a state of matter that exhibits spontaneous breaking of mirror symmetry and, for some materials, a microsecond electrooptic response. A number of novel unsymmetrical bimesogens were synthesized and in comparing their thermal behaviour to previous literature examples, we have uncovered an unexpected relationship between the thermal stability of the nematic and NTB phases. This relationship demonstrates that molecular shape dictates the incidence of this fascinating phase of matter and leads us to speculate as to the existence of “twist-bend nematic phases” on length scales beyond those of the molecule