Tinjauan Historis Pengungsian Vietnam di Pulau Galang 1979-1996

Vietnam's long history starts from the effort to gain independence from France, the prolonged civil war between Communist North Vietnam and nationalist South Vietnam, to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which led to the massive migration of Vietnamese people to various countries using boats so that refugees This Vietnamese, known as the "Boat People." This study provides a comprehensive explanation of the background of the migration of Vietnamese refugees to Galang Island, the role of UNHCR and the Government of Indonesia in overcoming these problems, and their lives on Galang Island. This historical research was carried out successively from the heuristic process taken from the Vietnam-camp refugee document and observations on Galang Island. The data is then verified, interpreted analytically and synthetically, and presented in descriptive-explanative historiography. Apart from the pluses and minuses of various aspects of the history of Vietnamese refugees on Galang Island from 1979 to 1996, the Indonesian government has been maximal in overcoming the problem of Vietnamese refugees

Selective readout and back-action reduction for wideband acoustic gravitational wave detectors

We present the concept of selective readout for broadband resonant mass gravitational wave detectors. This detection scheme is capable of specifically selecting the signal from the contributions of the vibrational modes sensitive to the gravitational waves, and efficiently rejecting the contribution from non gravitationally sensitive modes. Moreover this readout, applied to a dual detector, is capable to give an effective reduction of the back-action noise within the frequency band of interest. The overall effect is a significant enhancement in the predicted sensitivity, evaluated at the standard quantum limit for a dual torus detector. A molybdenum detector, 1 m in diameter and equipped with a wide area selective readout, would reach spectral strain sensitivities 2x10^{-23}/sqrt{Hz} between 2-6 kHz.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

Highland Summer Pastures Play a Fundamental Role for Dairy Systems in an Italian Alpine Region

In the Alps, summer farms are temporary units where the livestock herds are moved during summer to graze on highland pastures. This study aimed to analyze the role of summer farms in the dairy farming systems of the Trento province, in the eastern Italian Alps. Data on the structures and management of the 395 active summer farms were collected from the veterinarian services of the province: 345 summer farms keep dairy cattle (83 only replacement, and 262 also lactating cows). Almost all the replacement cattle and more than one third (8,775 vs 24,934 heads) of the dairy cows reared in the permanent farms of the province are still moved to highland pastures during summer. Cows on milk of local and dual purpose breeds are moved to highland pastures more frequently than those of specialized breeds. On 610 permanent farms, we analyzed the differences between the units moving/not moving the lactating cows to summer farms. The traditional farms, with tie stalls, local breeds, small-medium herd size and low productivity used more frequently summer pastures than the “intensive” farms. Transhumance still plays a fundamental role for the dairy sector in this Alpine area, because it allows access to public contribution and is complementary to the management of traditional farms. To better assess its sustainability, these functions should be further investigated in relation with the role of summer farms in the conservation of biodiversity, cultural landscape, and touristic attractiveness

Non-Invasive-Monitoring Methodology for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts on Istrian Stone Surfaces in Venice

This work proposes a non-invasive, affordable, and easily reproducible methodology for monitoring limestone surfaces vulnerability. The proposed methodology integrates the study of environmental factors impacting limestone surfaces with physical–chemical and morphological observations of historical Istria stone surfaces in Venice. Pollutant trends of particulate matters (PPM), NO2, SO2, O3, and the meteorological forcing were considered over a 20-year period. To collect information on the conservation state of stone surfaces, visual, optical microscopy observation, chemical analysis via FT-IR-ATR spectroscopy, and the evaluation of morphological and profilometric parameters by digitalizing the surface of silicone molds were carried out. The surfaces of Ca’ Foscari, Ca’ Dolfin, and Garzoni Palace were monitored in 2015 and five years after. Indicators, such as site, sheltered or exposed position, and location of the stone surfaces, were taken into consideration for data interpretation. A relationship between surface conservation state and the proposed environmental indicators has been evaluated. Deposits and crusts were found only in the courtyard façade and in sheltered points, reflecting SO2 reduction; large, eroded areas were found on exposed surfaces related to rain runoff and possibly related to the locally high NOx levels

Urban Scale Monitoring Approach for the Assessment of Rising Damp Effects in Venice

In coastal areas, the rising damp of salty water is a well-known degradation factor of historical masonries, leading to visible features such as crusts, masonry erosion, and plaster loss. Venetian masonries are strongly affected by decay caused by rising damp exacerbated by direct contact with salty water. Recurrent flooding due to high tides and an increase in the frequency of flooding events, also related to climate change, raises concern about the impacts. Although several studies have been carried out on probable future scenarios, a valuation of the decay risk due to rising damp at the urban level still needs to be implemented. This paper proposes a non-invasive and economically sustainable approach for evaluating rising damp effects at an urban scale. The approach includes a collection of archive images of masonries affected by rising damp dating back to the 1990s; a visual survey of the actual conservation state of masonries; a classification based on significant descriptors; and a discussion on exposure conditions and conservation states. The descriptors chosen are rising damp levels, biological growth, plaster loss, efflorescence, and brick erosion. The evaluation was implemented in a georeferenced system suitable for future comparisons, thus providing a management tool for the city's preservation

How Can Ozone and Relative Humidity Affect Artists’ Alkyd Paints? A FT-IR and Py-GC/MS Systematic Study

Knowledge of the chemical–physical reactions that determine the main degradation behaviour of artists’ alkyd paints represents one of the main problems within the museum exhibitions. The collection and interpretation of these data on degradation phenomena, especially after ozone exposure at different relative humidity values, can be useful for their conservation needs. Therefore, a systematic investigation of these materials may help achieve this goal. Firstly, surface-level identification of the main functional groups of ad hoc created and aged alkyd paints was performed using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Subsequently, these paints were investigated by pyrolysis–gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS), allowing for precise bulk identification of the organic compounds before and after accelerated ageing. A first successful attempt to provide quantitative Py–GC/MS data on alkyd-based paints is here presented and discussed. Comparing the results, it was possible to obtain new insights into the degradation behaviour of alkyd paints when exposed to ozone, allowing us to devise specific preventive and conservation strategies for these artistic materials

Principles of wide bandwidth acoustic detectors and the single-mass DUAL detector

We apply the standard theory of the elastic body to obtain a set of equations describing the behavior of an acoustic Gravitational Wave detector, fully taking into account the 3-dimensional properties of the mass, the readout and the signal. We show that the advantages given by a Dual detector made by two nested oscillators can also be obtained by monitoring two different acoustic modes of the same oscillator, thus easing the detector realization. We apply these concepts and by means of an optimization process we derive the main figures of such a single-mass Dual detector designed specifically for the frequency interval 2-5kHz. Finally we calculate the SQL sensitivity of this detector.Comment: 29 pages, 10 figure