MOSQUITO NET WITH DINOTEFURAN AND PBO FOR KILLING MOSQUITOES, ESPECIALLY MOSQUITOES WITH PYRETHROID RESISTANCE

Dinotefuran and PBO is used for killing mosquitoes, as PBO increases the knockdown speed of Dinotefuran. The present invention relates to insecticidal mosquito nets containing PBO in combination with an insecticide. One of the methods to counteract malaria is the use of commercially available long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets for protecting humans from the bite of Anopheline mosquitoes that carry malaria. Whereas the typically applied pyrethroids have been used successfully as insecticides on such nets due to their rapid knockdown effect, there is currently a critical increased resistance to pyrethroids observed among those mosquitoes. One type of resistance is metabolic, which is counteracted by applying piperonyl butoxide (PBO) simultaneously with a pyrethroid to the mosquito when resting on the net. The PBO works as an inhibitor of the resistance associated metabolic enzymes and increases the mortality rate of the pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes. Another type of resistance is through a mutation at the target site of the pyrethroid, known as knockdown-resistance (kdr), which significantly slows the knockdown effect when the mosquito rests on the net and gives the mosquito the possibility to bite before paralysis (followed by death)

Study of the stability of the 5-aminolevulinic acid tyrosine ester in aqueous solution

Photodynamic therapy based on photoactivable porphyrins (PAPs) can treat various dermatological conditions. The side-effects as well as the non-selective or insufficient accumulation of PAPs in the targeted tissues limit performances. We studied the stability in solution at different temperatures (21 degrees C; 4 degrees C), different pH values (7.5; 2.0), and as a function of time of 5-aminolevulinic acid's Tyrosine-ester, a molecule presenting interesting properties to selectively produce PAPs in blood vessels after topical application. Solutions of this precursor can be kept up to 24 h at refrigerated temperatures and under acidic pH. At room temperature or physiological pH, they must be prepared minutes before their use

Intra-Arterial Drug and Light Delivery for Photodynamic Therapy Using Visudyne (R): Implication for Atherosclerotic Plaque Treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is based on the activation of photosensitizers with light, can be used to reduce plaque burden. We hypothesized that intra-arterial photosensitizer administration and photo-activation will lead to high and rapid accumulation within the plaque with reduced systemic adverse effects. Thus, this intra-arterial PDT would be expected to have less side effects and due to the short time involved would be compatible with percutaneous coronary interventions. Aim: We characterized the dose-dependent uptake and efficacy of intra-arterial PDT using Liposomal Verteporfin (Visudyne (R)), efficient for cancer-PDT but not tested before for PDT of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Visudyne (R) (100, 200, and 500 ng/ml) was perfused for 530 min in atherosclerotic aorta isolated from ApoE(-/-) mice. The fluorescence Intensity (FI) after 15 min of Visudyne (R) perfusion increased with doses of 100 (FI-5.5 +/- 1.8), 200 (FI-31.9 +/- 1.9) or 500 ng/ml (FI-42.9 +/- 1.2). Visudyne (R) (500 ng/ml) uptake also increased with the administration time from 5 min (FI-9.8 +/- 2.5) to 10 min (FI-23.3 +/- 3.0) and 15 min (FI-42.9 +/- 3.4) before reaching saturation at 30 min (FI-39.3 +/- 2.4) contact. Intra-arterial PDT (Fluence: 100 and 200 J/cm(2), irradiance-334 mW/cm(2)) was applied immediately after Visudyne (R) perfusion (500 ng/ml for 15 min) using a cylindrical light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (690 nm). PDT led to an increase of ROS (Dihydroethidium; FI-6.9 +/- 1.8, 25.3 +/- 5.5, 43.4 +/- 13.9) and apoptotic cells (TUNEL; 2.5 +/- 1.6, 41.3 +/- 15.3, 58.9 +/- 6%), mainly plaque macrophages (immunostaining; 0.3 +/- 0.2, 37.6 +/- 6.4, 45.3 +/- 5.4%) respectively without laser irradiation, or at 100 and 200 J/cm2. Limited apoptosis was observed in the medial wall (0.5 +/- 0.2, 8.5 +/- 4.7, 15.3 +/- 12.7%). Finally, Visudyne (R)-PDT was found to be associated with reduced vessel functionality (Myogram). Conclusion: We demonstrated that sufficient accumulation of Visudyne (R) within plaque could be achieved in short-time and therefore validated the feasibility of local intravascular administration of photosensitizer. Intra-arterial Visudyne (R)-PDT preferentially affected plaque macrophages and may therefore alter the dynamic progression of plaque development

Optical Characterization of an Intra-Arterial Light and Drug Delivery System for Photodynamic Therapy of Atherosclerotic Plaque

Although the versatility of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well established, the technical aspects of light delivery systems vary significantly depending on the targeted organ. This article describes the optical properties of a light and drug delivery system (catheter and light diffuser) suitable for intra-arterial PDT by using a planar imaging goniometer to measure the full radiance longitudinal and angular profiles at the surface of the diffuser at 652 nm. The results show that the system emits almost Lambertian and “top hat” profiles, an interesting feature to determine the light dosimetry in the many vascular applications of PDT

Effect of PpIX photoproducts formation on pO2 measurement by time-resolved delayed fluorescence spectroscopy of PpIX in solution and in vivo

The measurement of Protoporphyrin IX delayed fluorescence lifetime is a minimally invasive method for monitoring the levels of oxygen in cells and tissues. The excitation of Protoporphyrin IX during this measurement can lead to the formation of photoproducts in vitro and in vivo. The influence of their luminescence on the measured Protoporphyrin IX delayed fluorescence lifetimes was studied in solution and in vivo on the Chick's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model under various oxygen enriched air conditions (0mmHg, 37mmHg and 155mmHg). The presence of photoproducts disturbs such measurements since the delayed fluorescence emission of some of them spectrally overlaps with that of Protoporphyrin IX. One possible way to avoid this obstacle is to detect Protoporphyrin IX's delayed fluorescence lifetime in a very specific spectral range (620-640nm). Another possibility is to excite Protoporphyrin IX with light doses much lower than 10J/cm(2), quite possibly as low as a fraction 1J/cm(2) at 405nm. This leads to an increased accuracy of pO2 detection. Furthermore, this method allows combination of diagnosis and therapy in one step. This helps to improve detection systems and real-time identification of tissue respiration, which is tuned for the detection of PpIX luminescence and not its photoproducts

Study of the influence of over-the-counter vitamin supplement intake on urine fluorescence to optimize cancer detection by fluorescence cystoscopy

Fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) efficiently enhances the detection and improves the therapeutic management of early bladder cancer. During an FC, about 150 ml of water is needed to inflate the bladder. The water is quickly diluted by urine which can be fluorescent. If this bladder washout fluid (BWF) becomes fluorescent, the FC images are frequently degraded. Unfortunately, it is unclear which elements of the diet may contribute to this background fluorescence. We propose to start this exploration with over-the-counter (OTC) vitamin supplements. To this end, we measured excitation-emission matrices of urine samples and the kinetics of modifications of urine fluorescence obtained from nine healthy volunteers before, during, and after intake of a commercially available OTC vitamin supplement. The pharmacokinetics shows that the BWF fluorescence values reach a maximum 8 to 10 h after vitamin intake. They decrease in the half-day that follows and reach values close to baseline similar to 1 day afterward. Based on these results, we conclude that, in order to avoid degradations of fluorescence images, it is likely best that the intake of OTC vitamin supplements be avoided during the week preceding an FC. (C) 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE

Determination of the radiance of cylindrical light diffusers: design of a one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup

A one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup was developed to measure the three-dimensional radiance profile ( longitudinal, azimuthal, and polar) of cylindrical light diffusers in air and water. An algorithm was programmed to project the two-dimensional camera data onto the diffuser coordinates. The optical system was designed to achieve a spatial resolution on the diffuser surface in the submillimeter range. The detection threshold of the detector was well below the values of measured radiance. The radiance profiles of an exemplary cylindrical diffuser measured in air showed local deviations in radiance below 10% for wavelengths at 635 and 671 nm. At 808 nm, deviations in radiance became larger, up to 45%, most probable due to the manufacturing process of the diffuser. Radiance profiles measured in water were less Lambertian than in air due to the refractive index matching privileging the radial decoupling of photons from the optical fiber. (C) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE

Stability of the fluorescence measurement of Foscan in the normal human oral cavity as an indicator of its content in early cancers of the esophagus and the bronchi

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Foscan (mTHPC) is used to cure early cancers of the esophagus or the tracheobronchial tree. However, fixed PDT parameters (drug dose, light dose, etc.) do not permit an accurate prediction of the tissue damage. Large interpatient fluctuations in tissue drug level, at the time of light application, suggest that the light dose must be adjusted to the drug dose shortly before the PDT. This drug dose can be measured endoscopically by light-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, but this measurement is inconvenient and somewhat difficult. A better test site, yielding comparable information, is needed. The oral cavity seems ideal. However, it first had to be established to what extent the estn. of the drug dose was dependent upon the location of the measurement and the pressure applied to the probe. These measurements prove to be not only correlated to similar measurements in the esophagus or the bronchi but also more consistent and less sensitive to the location and the applied pressure. The buccal mucosa is therefore recommended as a test site for measuring the Foscan fluorescence signal at the time of PDT in the esophagus or the bronchi. This measurement is accurate enough for use in light-dose adjustment