Ozone: Efficient Execution with Zero Timing Leakage for Modern Microarchitectures

Time variation during program execution can leak sensitive information. Time variations due to program control flow and hardware resource contention have been used to steal encryption keys in cipher implementations such as AES and RSA. A number of approaches to mitigate timing-based side-channel attacks have been proposed including cache partitioning, control-flow obfuscation and injecting timing noise into the outputs of code. While these techniques make timing-based side-channel attacks more difficult, they do not eliminate the risks. Prior techniques are either too specific or too expensive, and all leave remnants of the original timing side channel for later attackers to attempt to exploit. In this work, we show that the state-of-the-art techniques in timing side-channel protection, which limit timing leakage but do not eliminate it, still have significant vulnerabilities to timing-based side-channel attacks. To provide a means for total protection from timing-based side-channel attacks, we develop Ozone, the first zero timing leakage execution resource for a modern microarchitecture. Code in Ozone execute under a special hardware thread that gains exclusive access to a single core's resources for a fixed (and limited) number of cycles during which it cannot be interrupted. Memory access under Ozone thread execution is limited to a fixed size uncached scratchpad memory, and all Ozone threads begin execution with a known fixed microarchitectural state. We evaluate Ozone using a number of security sensitive kernels that have previously been targets of timing side-channel attacks, and show that Ozone eliminates timing leakage with minimal performance overhead

Mitigation of Climate Change through Conservation Agriculture

Current and future global environmental change, in combination with population growth and increase in consumption per capital, poses a great threat to global food security.  In addition, it is predicted that up to 25% of world food production may be lost during the 21st century due to climate change, water scarcity, invasive pests and land degradation.Smallholders in Ethiopia face widespread problems related to inappropriate cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation, resulting in soil erosion and soil fertility decline, water scarcity, lack of pasture and livestock feed, and fuel wood crisis. This cycles requiring urgent action and different approaches in the dry lands and highland areas adapting to climate change through land and Water management. Increasing weather variability and climate change are contributing to land and natural resource degradation by exposing soils to extreme conditions and straining the capacity of existing land management practices to maintain resource quality. Results include degradation of vegetation cover and loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, depletion of organic matter, reduced rainwater infiltration and water holding capacity of the soil and loss of productivity and effects on wider ecological functions. So that by considering the climate change as national and global condition it is a time to taking action through different alternatives. Among the options conservation agriculture system is one of non-substitutable option among others due to its smartness with climate change by improving soil fertility, water management and food security. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31st 202

The Journey of Special Needs Education in Ethiopia: An overview

The purpose of this review is to map out the journey of special needs education in Ethiopia. This journey is from mountainous churches where students used to attend theology scattering under trees and small huts to fenced and relatively favorable classrooms. By that professionals in the field of special needs will have the opportunity to know how the delivery of special education for persons with disabilities was associated with early Christianity and compare the historical development of special needs education between Europe and ancient Ethiopia

Ethiopian Public Universities Leadership Behavior and Instructor's Job Satisfaction: Evidence From Arba Minch University

The present study examines the link between leadership behavior and instructor's job satisfaction in four purposefully selected colleges and schools of Arba Minch University (AMU). The study participants were 167 randomly selected instructors of sampled colleges and schools. Of these, 149 were male instructors and the remaining18 were female ones. The data for the study were gathered via adapted questionnaire. The study employed quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between leadership behavior and instructor's job satisfaction. A Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) value was used to determine the correlation between the independent variable (leadership behavior) and the dependent variable (instructor's job satisfaction) and simple linear regression was employed to predict their relationship. The findings revealed that leadership behavior has statistically significant, positive and strong correlation with instructor's job satisfaction (r=.761, p<.049 two-tailed). The study further indicated that the value of R2 (.580) indicates 58 % of the job satisfaction is explained by leadership behavior. From these findings, it was concluded that there is a positive link between leadership behavior and instructor's job satisfaction. Therefore, it was recommended that through both formal and informal trainings, the university leaders should aware how their leadership behavior is correlated with instructor's job satisfaction and then they should adopt and practice different dimensions of leadership behavior to improve instructor's  job satisfaction. Keywords: Leadership; Leadership behavior; Teacher; Instructor's Job satisfaction; Performance DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-1-06 Publication date: January 31st 202

Refining Fertilizers Rate Recommendation for Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Kafa Zone Adiyo Wereda

To refining the effect of different fertilizers NPKS with common Zn and B has significant higher yields in each fertilizer levels on wheat, an experiment were conducted at Adiyo Wereda Kaffa Zone. The experiment was laid out in simple randomized complete block design having three replications. Plot size of 9m2(3 m x 3 m), seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 and row to row distance of 20 cm was used. Various combinations of each fertilizers N (0, 46, 92,138,176 and 222 kg ha-1 with 69p2o5,80k2o,30s,2 Zn and 1B), P (,0,23 ,46,69,92and115 kg ha-1 with 92N,90k2o,30s,2 Zn and 1B), K (0,18,36,54,72and 90 kg ha-1 with 92N,69p2o5,30s,2 Zn and 1B) and S (0,10,20,30,40 and 50 kg ha-1 with 92N,69p2o5,90k2o,2Zn and 1B with additional treatments, control and recommended NP in each fertilizers were used. N=urea; P=TSP; K= KCl; S= CaSO4; Zn=ZnSO4; B = Borax were   used as a sources of NPKSZnB. Recommended rates of NP (64:20 kg ha-1) were applied. Nitrogen was applied in two split doses half at sowing and half about 35-45 days after sowing. Variety Digalo was used during the experiment. Plant height, Spike length, Grain yield and biomass were significantly affected by different fertilizers levels. Grain Yield significant at different fertilizer levels 176 N kgha-1 (3400.3kgha-1), 115P kgha-1 (4221.2 kgha-1), 90K kgha-1 (4128.9 Kg ha-1) and 40S kgha-1 (3987.0 kgha-1) were produced respectively in the interaction of ZnB. Based on the results, it is recommended a combined application of NPKS (176 kg N ha-1,115 kg P ha-1, 90 kg K2O ha-1 and 40 kg S ha-1 with 2kg Zn ha-1 and 1kg B ha-1) fertilizers to achieve sustainable bread wheat production on the study area. Keywords: fertilizer rates, wheat DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/120-03 Publication date:October 31st 202