Identification of Conflicts between Transmission and Distribution System Operators when Acquiring Ancillary Services from Electric Vehicles

Distributed energy resources are able to provide services to grid operators, possibly with competing objectives. With the development of active distribution grid management, various market designs arise. Here, a reference market framework is considered, which allocates the available flexibility products according to requests coming from both distribution and transmission system operators. The goal of this paper is to provide an identification procedure that is able to detect,"br/"identify and catalogue possible conflicts among the involved stakeholders that take place when requesting and/or acquiring ancillary services from flexible units. The investigation is carried out considering a 3-area power system which allows to take into account local constraints as well as system-wide needs. As outcome, this paper identifies the conflicts from both a theoretical and a practical point of view, by means of descriptions/identification procedure and by visual examples, respectively

Experimental Testing and Model Validation of a Decoupled-Phase On-Load Tap Changer Transformer in an Active Network

Owing to the increasing penetration of single-phase small generation units and electric vehicles connected to distribution grids, system operators are facing challenges related to local unbalanced voltage rise or drop issues, which may lead to a violation of the allowed voltage band. To address this problem, distribution transformers with on-load tapping capability are under development. This study presents model and experimental validation of a 35 kVA three-phase power distribution transformer with independent on-load tap-changer control capability on each phase. With the purpose of investigating and evaluating its effectiveness under different operative conditions, appropriate scenarios are defined and tested considering both balanced and unbalanced situations, also in case of reverse power flow. The experimental setup is built starting from an analysis of a Danish distribution network, in order to reproduce the main feature of an unbalanced grid. The experimental activities are recreated in by carrying out dynamics simulation studies, aiming at validating the implemented models of both the transformer as well as the other grid components. Phase-neutral voltages' deviations are limited, proving the effectiveness of the phase-independent tap operations. Furthermore, minor deviations of the results from simulations and experiments confirm that all the system components have been properly modelled