Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Optimization of γ-PGA biosynthesis supported by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies

Poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer composed by glutamic acid residues, synthesized by the pgs operon of Bacillus subtilis. γ-PGA has a wide range of applications as food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical additive. However, to increase its industrial attractiveness, it is necessary to cut production costs utilizing cost-competitive feedstocks for fermentation. A low-cost by-product that can be used as feedstock is raw glycerol, that accounts for 10% (w/w) of the total biodiesel production. To achieve cost-competitive γ-PGA production from glycerol a multifaceted approach has been set up that includes: 1) improvement of pgs expression; 2) accumulation of γ-PGA precursors by metabolic engineering; 3) enhancement of glycerol metabolism. 1) The strength of the pgs operon regulatory elements has been analysed both by a synthetic biology approach, exploiting the well-characterized expression operating unit (EOU) inserted in amyE, and by a classical in-locus transcriptional fusion. Results from the two settings will be compared. These data will be then used to finely tune pgs expression and optimize γ-PGA yield. To this end, an inducible pgs operon has been constructed. 2) A genome-scale metabolic model was used to identify suitable targets for enhancing central carbon pathway flux toward γ-PGA synthesis. The first two B. subtilis strains, engineered following this analysis, showed enhanced polymer production. Other target genes are currently under investigation. 3) B. subtilis tolerance to raw glycerol obtained from a biodiesel plant (from both vegetable and animal origin) was verified. Further investigations are underway to improve glycerol uptake and consumption

Evaluation of Streptomyces Common Scab Toxins Diffusion in Potato Tubers and through the Intestinal Barrier

International audienc

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system: regulation by protein phosphorylation and phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) carries out both catalytic and regulatory functions. It catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives but also carries out numerous regulatory functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate metabolism, to chemotaxis, to potassium transport, and to the virulence of certain pathogens. For these different regulatory processes, the signal is provided by the phosphorylation state of the PTS components, which varies according to the availability of PTS substrates and the metabolic state of the cell. PEP acts as phosphoryl donor for enzyme I (EI), which, together with HPr and one of several EIIA and EIIB pairs, forms a phosphorylation cascade which allows phosphorylation of the cognate carbohydrate bound to the membrane-spanning EIIC. HPr of firmicutes and numerous proteobacteria is also phosphorylated in an ATP-dependent reaction catalyzed by the bifunctional HPr kinase/phosphorylase. PTS-mediated regulatory mechanisms are based either on direct phosphorylation of the target protein or on phosphorylation-dependent interactions. For regulation by PTS-mediated phosphorylation, the target proteins either acquired a PTS domain by fusing it to their N or C termini or integrated a specific, conserved PTS regulation domain (PRD) or, alternatively, developed their own specific sites for PTS-mediated phosphorylation. Protein-protein interactions can occur with either phosphorylated or unphosphorylated PTS components and can either stimulate or inhibit the function of the target proteins. This large variety of signal transduction mechanisms allows the PTS to regulate numerous proteins and to form a vast regulatory network responding to the phosphorylation state of various PTS components

Transcription regulators controlled by interaction with enzyme IIB components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system

Numerous bacteria possess transcription activators and antiterminators composed of regulatory domains phosphorylated by components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). These domains, called PTS regulation domains (PRDs), usually contain two conserved histidines as potential phosphorylation sites. While antiterminators possess two PRDs with four phosphorylation sites, transcription activators contain two PRDs plus two regulatory domains resembling PTS components (EIIA and EIIB). The activity of these transcription regulators is controlled by up to five phosphorylations catalyzed by PTS proteins. Phosphorylation by the general PTS components El and HPr is usually essential for the activity of PRD-containing transcription regulators, whereas phosphorylation by the sugar-specific components ERA or EIIB lowers their activity. For a specific regulator, for example the Bacillus subtilis mtl operon activator MtIR, the functional phosphorylation sites can be different in other bacteria and consequently the detailed mode of regulation varies. Some of these transcription regulators are also controlled by an interaction with a sugar-specific EIIB PTS component. The EIIBs are frequently fused to the membrane-spanning EIIC and EIIB-mediated membrane sequestration is sometimes crucial for the control of a transcription regulator. This is also true for the Escherichia coli repressor Mlc, which does not contain a PRD but nevertheless interacts with the EIIB domain of the glucose-specific PTS. In addition, some PRD-containing transcription activators interact with a distinct EIIB protein located in the cytoplasm. The phosphorylation state of the EIIB components, which changes in response to the presence or absence of the corresponding carbon source, affects their interaction with transcription regulators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Substance P enhances lactic acid and tyramine production in Enterococcus faecalis V583 and promotes its cytotoxic effect on intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells

International audienc