Metacognitive planning: Development and validation of an online measure.

Planning is the critical first stage of metacognition. Although it has long been emphasized theoretically, it has not been the subject of much empirical study due to the lack of a valid assessment tool. Because planning is a metacognitive process, online methods that collect data during task performance would much better capture it. The present study was conducted to develop an online measure of metacognitive planning. Researchers designed a puzzle task that took the form of the popular game Sokoban, and the ratio between planning time and total time of each item was chosen as the metacognitive planning index. The task was administered to a heterogeneous sample of 440 participants composed of college students as well as 5th-, 7th-, and 10th-grade students. The results showed that valid inference could be made from the time ratio score. Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest correlation provided robust evidence of reliability of the time ratio score. Confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed its unidimensionality. Validity evidence also supported the use of the time ratio score. After controlling for demographic variables, intelligence, and motivation, the time ratio score still accounted for a significant proportion of variance of Sokoban performance, the Tower of London performance, and academic achievement. The time ratio score was also found to increase with age. Taken together, the results of the study revealed that the time ratio is a psychometrically sound online measure of metacognitive plannin

Non-Hermitian Stark Many-Body Localization

Utilizing exact diagonalization (ED) techniques, we investigate a one-dimensional, non-reciprocal, interacting hard-core boson model under a Stark potential with tail curvature. By employing the non-zero imaginary eigenenergies ratio, half-chain entanglement entropy, and eigenstate instability, we numerically confirm that the critical points of spectral real-complex (RC) transition and many-body localization (MBL) phase transition are not identical, and an examination of the phase diagrams reveals that the spectral RC transition arises before the MBL phase transition, which suggests the existence of a novel non-MBL-driven spectral RC transition. These findings are quite unexpected, and they are entirely different from observations in disorder-driven interacting non-Hermitian systems. This work provides a useful reference for further research on phase transitions in disorder-free interacting non-Hermitian systems.Comment: Any comments or suggestions are welcome

Generation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow Cells.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are a subtype of glial cells responsible for myelin regeneration. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) originate from OPCs and are the myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS). OLGs play an important role in the context of lesions in which myelin loss occurs. Even though many protocols for isolating OPCs have been published, their cellular yield remains a limit for clinical application. The protocol proposed here is novel and has practical value; in fact, OPCs can be generated from a source of autologous cells without gene manipulation. Our method represents a rapid, and high-efficiency differentiation protocol for generating mouse OLGs from bone marrow-derived cells using growth-factor defined media. With this protocol, it is possible to obtain mature OLGs in 7-8 weeks. Within 2-3 weeks from bone marrow (BM) isolation, after neurospheres formed, the cells differentiate into Nestin+ Sox2+ neural stem cells (NSCs), around 30 days. OPCs specific markers start to be expressed around day 38, followed by RIP+O4+ around day 42. CNPase+ mature OLGs are finally obtained around 7-8 weeks. Further, bone marrow-derived OPCs exhibited therapeutic effect in shiverer (Shi) mice, promoting myelin regeneration and reducing the tremor. Here, we propose a method by which OLGs can be generated starting from BM cells and have similar abilities to subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived cells. This protocol significantly decreases the timing and costs of the OLGs differentiation within 2 months of culture

The Research Progress on China Major Minority Detoxification Methods

Based on the research and material—sorting in recent decades involving Tibetan medicine Mongolia medicine Dai medicine Zhuang medicine Yao medicine, Yi medicine, Miao medicine, Jinuo medicine. Tibetan medicine has a unique system of medical theory, which posits that poisoning incidents have close relation with rLung, nKhris-pa, Badkan three factors (namely three due to), which by adjusting three due to is balance and achieve detoxification. Mongolian medicine believes that there are five-element doctrine, cold and heat, the strength and size of detoxifying respectively. "Disease first solution, the solution after the first treatment," Dai medicine "Yajie" theory and the series of Yajie (antidote)", which play a role in detoxification lies. Zhuang medicine theory includes "virtual drug-induced diseases," the etiology and pathogenesis. By correcting the bias by that bias, in order to achieve the purpose of detoxification. Yao medical theory: the Profit and Loss Balance Theory, the Cause Theory, which are related to detoxification. According to the theory of three gas, toxin factor theory as the core contents of Yi medical theory, which the application of detoxification method is associated with. Miao medicine thinks Poison for all ills, highlight the dispel toxin factor to the poison thery of nine. Jinuo medicine is fully application of national folk-detoxification plant and animal medicines, achieve the purposes of detoxification. In this review, we summarized the major approaches applied for detoxification methods by different ethnic groups in order to provide better guide for clinical practice of food, drugs, poisons and other toxics. This work provides also potential clinical application to open up a new way of thinking and new perspective for detoxification therapy based on the accumulated knowledge in traditional Chinese medicine

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-aminium chloride

In the title compound, C10H14NO4 +·Cl−, the benzene ring makes a dihedral angle of 64.68 (4)° with the methyl­amino­propano­ate unit, which is bonded to the catechol ring via a methyl­ene C atom. A strong intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, O—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Hexaaqua­cobalt(II) 3,3′-dicarb­oxy­biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxyl­ate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Co(H2O)6](C16H8O8), both the cation and anion are centrosymmetric. The Co cation displays a CoO6 octa­hedral geometry formed by six water mol­ecules. In the anion, the two carboxyl groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 4.8 (5) and 10.4 (7)° with respect to the benzene ring. Very strong O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the protonated and deprotonated carboxylate groups occur. Neighbouring cations and anions are connected through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supra­molecular structure

Decoupled advection-dispersion method for determining wall thickness of slurry trench cutoff walls

Low-permeability slurry trench cutoff walls are commonly constructed as barriers for containment of subsurface point-source pollution or as part of seepage-control systems on contaminated sites. A method to estimate wall thickness in slurry wall design is proposed based on decoupling the advective and dispersive components of contaminant fluxes through the wall. The relative error of the result obtained by the proposed method compared with that by an analytical solution was found to increase as the ratio of the specified breakthrough exit concentration (c*) to the source concentration (c0) increased. For c*/c0 of less than 0.1, which covers common practical situations, the relative error was not greater than 4% and was always conservative, indicating that the proposed method provides sufficient accuracy for design. For a given breakthrough criterion (i.e., c*/c0), the relative error was low for the scenarios having either a low or high column Peclet number, where either dispersion or advection dominates the contaminant migration, respectively, and the relative error was high for the scenario having an intermediate column Peclet number, in which case the coupling effect of advective and dispersive migrations is relatively high