Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services. Urban ecosystems

Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 requires member states to Map and Assess the state of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES). This report provides guidance for mapping and assessment of urban ecosystems. The MAES urban pilot is a collaboration between the European Commission, the European Environment Agency, volunteering Member States and cities, and stakeholders. Its ultimate goal is to deliver a knowledge base for policy and management of urban ecosystems by analysing urban green infrastructure, condition of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services. This report presents guidance for mapping urban ecosystems and includes an indicator framework to assess the condition of urban ecosystems and urban ecosystem services. The scientific framework of mapping and assessment is designed to support in particular urban planning policy and policy on green infrastructure at urban, metropolitan and regional scales. The results are based on the following different sources of information: a literature survey of 54 scientific articles, an online-survey (on urban ecosystems, related policies and planning instruments and with participation of 42 cities), ten case studies (Portugal: Cascais, Oeiras, Lisbon; Italy: Padua, Trento, Rome; The Netherlands: Utrecht; Poland: Poznań; Spain: Barcelona; Norway: Oslo), and a two-day expert workshop. The case studies constituted the core of the MAES urban pilot. They provided real examples and applications of how mapping and assessment can be organized to support policy; on top, they provided the necessary expertise to select a set of final indicators for condition and ecosystem services. Urban ecosystems or cities are defined here as socio-ecological systems which are composed of green infrastructure and built infrastructure. Urban green infrastructure (GI) is understood in this report as the multi-functional network of urban green spaces situated within the boundary of the urban ecosystem. Urban green spaces are the structural components of urban GI. This study has shown that there is a large scope for urban ecosystem assessments. Firstly, urban policies increasingly use urban green infrastructure and nature-based solutions in their planning process. Secondly, an increasing amount of data at multiple spatial scales is becoming available to support these policies, to provide a baseline, and to compare or benchmark cities with respect to the extent and management of the urban ecosystem. Concrete examples are given on how to delineate urban ecosystems, how to choose an appropriate spatial scale, and how to map urban ecosystems based on a combination of national or European datasets (including Urban Atlas) and locally collected information (e.g., location of trees). Also examples of typologies for urban green spaces are presented. This report presents an indicator framework which is composed of indicators to assess for urban ecosystem condition and for urban ecosystem services. These are the result of a rigorous selection process and ensure consistent mapping and assessment across Europe. The MAES urban pilot will continue with work on the interface between research and policy. The framework presented in this report needs to be tested and validated across Europe, e.g. on its applicability at city scale, on how far the methodology for measuring ecosystem condition and ecosystem service delivery in urban areas can be used to assess urban green infrastructure and nature-based solutions

Credito e Monti di Pietà tra medioevo ed età moderna. Un bilancio storiografico

Item does not contain fulltext"Credit and Monti di Pietà in the Medieval and Early Modern Period: A Historiographical Assessment" Access to credit and the power relations around it were key aspects of Italian society between the late medieval and early modern period. Obtaining money (through legal, illegal, and “ambiguous” means) was deeply intertwined with broader issues concerning the economic, political, legal, and religious spheres. Tracing the history of credit therefore allows better understand the society of the time. By exploring theoretical disputes as well as concrete practices, this volume provides an overarching assessment of the historiographic debate and its main results about credit and the Monte di Pietà (an innovative form of Christian public banking). By refusing simplistic schematization, the book investigates the many protagonists of an history that involved theologians and jurists, Jewish and Christian bankers, merchants, preachers, and civic authorities. Developed along the lines of different and competing projects of society, the market of credit responded to a widespread need to access money. Then as now, a significant degree of the level of inclusion or exclusion experienced by different members of a political community was shaped by and around the demand for credit.320 p

Credito e Monti di Pietà tra medioevo ed età moderna. Un bilancio storiografico

"Credit and Monti di Pietà in the Medieval and Early Modern Period: A Historiographical Assessment" Access to credit and the power relations around it were key aspects of Italian society between the late medieval and early modern period. Obtaining money (through legal, illegal, and “ambiguous” means) was deeply intertwined with broader issues concerning the economic, political, legal, and religious spheres. Tracing the history of credit therefore allows better understand the society of the time. By exploring theoretical disputes as well as concrete practices, this volume provides an overarching assessment of the historiographic debate and its main results about credit and the Monte di Pietà (an innovative form of Christian public banking). By refusing simplistic schematization, the book investigates the many protagonists of an history that involved theologians and jurists, Jewish and Christian bankers, merchants, preachers, and civic authorities. Developed along the lines of different and competing projects of society, the market of credit responded to a widespread need to access money. Then as now, a significant degree of the level of inclusion or exclusion experienced by different members of a political community was shaped by and around the demand for credit

Credito e Monti di Pietà: un prisma storiografico. Saggio introduttivo

Il saggio inquadra come nella dinamica società italiana tra tardo medioevo e prima età moderna le diverse pratiche in campo creditizio e i dibattiti ad esse connessi rappresentarono un cantiere operoso di elaborazione e sperimentazione. Pratiche concrete e riflessioni teoriche coinvolsero teologi e giuristi, banchieri ebrei e cristiani, mercanti, predicatori e magistrature cittadine. Intorno al mercato del credito e alle diverse modalità – lecite, illecite, dubbie – di procurarsi denaro, si intrecciavano molteplici questioni, legate alla sfera economica, politica, giuridica, religiosa e morale. Ricostruire la storia del credito serve a gettare quindi un fascio di luce su tutta la società dell’epoca, sui suoi diversi protagonisti e sulle relazioni tra loro, segnate da collaborazioni, scambi, contrapposizioni e disput

ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LAND AND ECOSYSTEM MAPPING. TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION 5 OF THE EUROPEAN BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY TO 2020 IN ITALY.

The aim of the present paper is to illustrate the basic data and the methodological approach proposed for the implementation of Action 5 of the European Biodiversity Strategy in Italy. In particular, it focuses on a model for ecosystem mapping and characterisation at the country level that has been built with the interdisciplinary involvement of geobotanists, functional ecologists, forest scientists and zoologists. The first operational steps of the model are based on the cartographic integration between potential natural vegetation, biogeographic regions, and land cover maps. The final step entails characterising the mapped ecosystems in terms of Habitats Directive, local occurrence of threatened plant species and faunal components. The model is going to be tested in Italy, but should also be applied elsewhere in Mediterranean Europe, especially in those countries that have a comparable ecological complexity

Do National Parks play an active role in conserving the natural capital of Italy?

<div><p></p><p>The aims of this paper are to describe the state of the environmental knowledge of the terrestrial National Parks (NPs) in Italy and to assess their conservation status and their efficacy to deal with the pressures of land changes. We collected and analysed data regarding land units, vegetation series, old-growth forests, Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and changes in landscape conservation status, to provide a systemic overview of the condition of the NPs and to verify their effectiveness against pressures and impacts induced by human activities. Moreover, NPs were organised according to the ecoregional setting for a multi-scale interpretation of biodiversity baselines and indicators. The results highlight the essential role of NP system for biodiversity conservation in Italy. The long-term protection regime proved to be particularly effective as a means of conserving ageing forest communities, threatened vascular plants and contrasting threats posed by human-induced changes. However, this work points out the need for more detailed scientific data for a comprehensive assessment of the representativeness and effectiveness of the NP system.</p> </div