Отношение бобовых растений к кислотности почвы

Most legumes grow and develop better in neutral soils, with the exception of lupine, which grows at pH 4.0–5.0. Red clover secretes hydrogen ions into the soil through its roots, changing soil pH. Legume root nodules form better at pH 6.5–7.0, and at pH values less than 3, the root cells’ cytoplasm breaks down. At pH 8.7, the plants are deficient in NO3-, phosphates, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. In acidic soils, an excess of aluminium inhibits the uptake of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, and boron by root cells. Legumes are sensitive to the concentration of aluminium ions in the soil. In aluminium-sensitive pea varieties, nutrient absorption is suppressed; lectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose synthesis is inhibited in root cell walls; membrane water permeability decreases; the number of SH groups in cells decreases; and enzyme activity is inhibited. In an acidic medium, clover growth is inhibited, nodules form poorly, and nitrogen fixation rate decreases. The higher the acidity, the harder it is to assimilate soil magnesium. Magnesium deficiency leads to reduced photosynthesis and decreased sugar transport to roots and nodules. As a result, nitrogen fixation stops, and the plant’s leaves turn yellow and fall off. For legumes, the Ca:Mg ratio is important. The combined application of calcium and magnesium increases plant biomass yield, reduces nodule formation in lupine, and increases it in beans. This difference is related to the fact that beans, clover, and haricot are calciphiles, whereas is calciphobous. The use of waste beet sugar production – defecate, calcium fertilizer, is very effective. Decreased acidity increases leghemoglobin content in nodules, increases nodule weight, and increases nitrogen fixation 3–4 times.La mayoría de las legumbres crecen y se desarrollan mejor en suelos neutros, con la excepción del lupino, que crece a un pH de 4.0 a 5.0. El trébol rojo secreta iones de hidrógeno en el suelo a través de sus raíces, cambiando el pH del suelo. Los nódulos de la raíz de las leguminosas se forman mejor a pH 6.5–7.0, y a valores de pH inferiores a 3, el citoplasma de las células de la raíz se descompone. A pH 8.7, las plantas son deficientes en NO3-, fosfatos, hierro, manganeso, cobre y zinc. En suelos ácidos, un exceso de aluminio inhibe la absorción de fósforo, calcio, potasio, hierro, sodio y boro por las células de la raíz. Las legumbres son sensibles a la concentración de iones de aluminio en el suelo. En las variedades de guisantes sensibles al aluminio, se suprime la absorción de nutrientes; la síntesis de lectina, hemicelulosa y celulosa se inhibe en las paredes celulares de la raíz; la permeabilidad del agua de la membrana disminuye; disminuye el número de grupos SH en las células; y se inhibe la actividad enzimática. En un medio ácido, el crecimiento del trébol se inhibe, los nódulos se forman mal y la tasa de fijación de nitrógeno disminuye. Cuanto mayor es la acidez, más difícil es asimilar el magnesio del suelo. La deficiencia de magnesio conduce a una fotosíntesis reducida y a un menor transporte de azúcar a las raíces y nódulos. Como resultado, la fijación de nitrógeno se detiene y las hojas de la planta se vuelven amarillas y se caen. Para las legumbres, la relación Ca: Mg es importante. La aplicación combinada de calcio y magnesio aumenta el rendimiento de la biomasa vegetal, reduce la formación de nódulos en el altramuz y aumenta en los frijoles. Esta diferencia está relacionada con el hecho de que los frijoles, el trébol y la judía son calciphiles, mientras que son calciphobous. El uso de la producción de residuos de azúcar de remolacha - defecar, fertilizante de calcio, es muy efectivo. La disminución de la acidez aumenta el contenido de leghemoglobina en los nódulos, aumenta el peso de los nódulos y aumenta la fijación de nitrógeno de 3 a 4 veces.Большинство бобовых растений лучше растут и развиваются на нейтральных почвах, исключением является люпин, растущий при рН 4,0-5,0. Клевер луговой через корни выделяет ионы водорода в почву, меняя рН. Клубеньки на бобовых растениях лучше формируются при рН 6,5-7,0. При рН менее 3 нарушается структура цитоплазмы клеток корня. При рН 8,7 растения испытывают дефицит NO3-, фосфатов, железа, марганца, меди, цинка. В кислых почвах избыток алюминия подавляет поглощение клетками корня фосфора, кальция, калия, железа, натрия, бора. Бобовые растения чувствительны к содержанию ионов алюминия в почве. У чувствительных к алюминию сортов гороха: подавляется поглощение элементов питания; тормозится синтез лектина, гемицеллюлозы и целлюлозы клеточных стенок корня; снижается проницаемость воды через мембраны; уменьшается количество SH- групп в клетке; подавляется активность ферментов. В кислой среде у клевера тормозится рост, слабо формируются клубеньки, снижается азотфиксация. Чем выше кислотность, тем труднее усваивается почвенный магний. При недостатке магния снижается активность процессов фотосинтеза, резко снижается транспорт сахаров в корни и клубеньки, фиксация азота останавливается, листья желтеют и опадают. Для бобовых растений важно соотношение Са:Mg. Совместное внесение кальция и магния повышает урожай биомассы растений, снижало формирование клубеньков у люпина и повышало у бобов. Разная реакция растений связана с тем, что бобы, клевер и фасоль относятся к группе кальциефилов, тогда как люпин – к группе кальциефобов. Высокой эффективностью отличается применение отхода свеклосахарного производства – дефеката, кальцийсодержащего удобрения. Снижение кислотности повышает содержание легемоглобина в клубеньках, растет масса клубеньков, а фиксация азота увеличивается в 3-4 раза

Correction: Hunt, R.W. et al. Electromagnetic Biostimulation of Living Cultures for Biotechnology, Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 4515–4558

We found some errors in the paper published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences [1]. [...

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