Coupling Matrix Representation of Nonreciprocal Filters Based on Time Modulated Resonators

This paper addresses the analysis and design of non-reciprocal filters based on time modulated resonators. We analytically show that time modulating a resonator leads to a set of harmonic resonators composed of the unmodulated lumped elements plus a frequency invariant element that accounts for differences in the resonant frequencies. We then demonstrate that harmonic resonators of different order are coupled through non-reciprocal admittance inverters whereas harmonic resonators of the same order couple with the admittance inverter coming from the unmodulated filter network. This coupling topology provides useful insights to understand and quickly design non-reciprocal filters and permits their characterization using an asynchronously tuned coupled resonators network together with the coupling matrix formalism. Two designed filters, of orders three and four, are experimentally demonstrated using quarter wavelength resonators implemented in microstrip technology and terminated by a varactor on one side. The varactors are biased using coplanar waveguides integrated in the ground plane of the device. Measured results are found to be in good agreement with numerical results, validating the proposed theory

Nonreciprocal Wavefront Engineering with Time-Modulated Gradient Metasurfaces

We propose a paradigm to realize nonreciprocal wavefront engineering using time-modulated gradient metasurfaces. The essential building block of these surfaces is a subwavelength unit cell whose reflection coefficient oscillates at low frequency. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that such modulation permits tailoring the phase and amplitude of any desired nonlinear harmonic and determines the behavior of all other emerging fields. By appropriately adjusting the phase delay applied to the modulation of each unit cell, we realize time-modulated gradient metasurfaces that provide efficient conversion between two desired frequencies and enable nonreciprocity by (i) imposing drastically different phase gradients during the up/down conversion processes and (ii) exploiting the interplay between the generation of certain nonlinear surface and propagative waves. To demonstrate the performance and broad reach of the proposed platform, we design and analyze metasurfaces able to implement various functionalities, including beam steering and focusing, while exhibiting strong and angle-insensitive nonreciprocal responses. Our findings open an alternative direction in the field of gradient metasurfaces, in which wavefront control and magnetic-free nonreciprocity are locally merged to manipulate the scattered fields

Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization

Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is an important greenhouse gas. N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils vary with fertilization and cropping practices. The response of N<sub>2</sub>O emission to fertilization of agricultural soils plays an important role in global N<sub>2</sub>O emission. The objective of this study was to assess the seasonal pattern of N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and the annual N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from a rain-fed winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) field in the Loess Plateau of China. A static flux chamber method was used to measure soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from 2006 to 2008. The study included 5 treatments with 3 replications in a randomized complete block design. Prior to initiating N<sub>2</sub>O measurements the treatments had received the same fertilization for 22 years. The fertilizer treatments were unfertilized control (CK), manure (M), nitrogen (N), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen + phosphorus + manure (NPM). Soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in the highland winter wheat field were highly variable temporally and thus were fertilization dependent. The highest fluxes occurred in the warmer and wetter seasons. Relative to CK, m slightly increased N<sub>2</sub>O flux while N, NP and NPM treatments significantly increased N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. The fertilizer induced increase in N<sub>2</sub>O flux occurred mainly in the first 30 days after fertilization. The increases were smaller in the relatively warm and dry year than in the cold and wet year. Combining phosphorous and/or manure with mineral N fertilizer partly offset the nitrogen fertilizer induced increase in N<sub>2</sub>O flux. N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes at the seedling stage were mainly controlled by nitrogen fertilization, while fluxes at other plant growth stages were influenced by plant and environmental conditions. The cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were always higher in the fertilized treatments than in the non-fertilized treatment (CK). Mineral and manure nitrogen fertilizer enhanced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in wetter years compared to dryer years. Phosphorous fertilizer offset 0.50 and 1.26 kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> increases, while manure + phosphorous offset 0.43 and 1.04 kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> increases by N fertilizer for the two observation years. Our results suggested that the contribution of single N fertilizer on N<sub>2</sub>O emission was larger than that of NP and NPM and that manure and phosphorous had important roles in offsetting mineral N fertilizer induced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Relative to agricultural production and N<sub>2</sub>O emission, manure fertilization (M) should be recommended while single N fertilization (N) should be avoided for the highland winter wheat due to the higher biomass and grain yield and lower N<sub>2</sub>O flux and annual emission in m than in N

Enhancement of Friction between Carbon Nanotubes: An Efficient Strategy to Strengthen Fibers

Interfacial friction plays a crucial role in the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube based fibers, composites, and devices. Here we use molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the pressure effect on the friction within carbon nanotube bundles. It reveals that the intertube frictional force can be increased by a factor of 1.5 ~ 4, depending on tube chirality and radius, when all tubes collapse above a critical pressure and when the bundle remains collapsed with unloading down to atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the overall cross-sectional area also decreases significantly for the collapsed structure, making the bundle stronger. Our study suggests a new and efficient way to reinforce nanotube fibers, possibly stronger than carbon fibers, for usage at ambient conditions.Comment: revtex, 5 pages, accepted by ACS Nano 10 Dec 200

Transport Properties of the One Dimensional Ferromagnetic Kondo Lattice Model : A Qualitative Approach to Oxide Manganites

The transport properties of the ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model in one dimension are studied via bosonization methods. The antiferromagnetic fluctuations, which normally appear because of the RKKY interactions, are explicitly taken into account as a direct exchange between the ``core'' spins. It is shown that in the paramagnetic regime with the local antiferromagnetic fluctuations, the resistivity decays exponentially as the temperature increases while in the ferromagnetic regime the system is an almost perfect conductor. %A non-perturbative description of localized spin polarons %in the paramagnetic region is obtained. The effect of a weak applied field is discussed to be reduced to the case of the ferromagnetic state leading to band splitting. The qualitative relevance of the results for the problem of the Oxide Manganites is emphasized.Comment: 4 pages, REVTe

Structure of the Magneto-Exciton and Optical Properties in Fractional Quantum Hall Systems

We report calculated dependence of magneto-exciton energy spectrum upon electron-hole separation $d$ in Fractional Quantum Hall systems. We calculated the dependence of photoluminescence upon $d$, and we obtained the doublet structure observed recently. The Raman scattering spectrum around resonance is calculated: a robust resonance peak at $\nu=1/3$ around gap value is reported.Comment: 13 pages, REVTEX, compressed postscript file (3 figures included

Molecular-field approach to the spin-Peierls transition in CuGeO_3

We present a theory for the spin-Peierls transition in CuGeO_3. We map the elementary excitations of the dimerized chain (solitons) on an effective Ising model. Inter-chain coupling (or phonons) then introduce a linear binding potential between a pair of soliton and anti-soliton, leading to a finite transition temperature. We evaluate, as a function of temperature, the order parameter, the singlet-triplet gap, the specific heat, and the susceptibility and compare with experimental data on CuGeO_3. We find that CuGeO_3 is close to a first-order phase transition. We point out, that the famous scaling law \sim\delta^{2/3} of the triplet gap is a simple consequence of the linear binding potential between pairs of solitons and anti-solitons in dimerized spin chains.Comment: 7.1 pages, figures include