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Not AvailableThe effect of seed size on germination, growth and crop yield of eight groundnut varieties was studied. Germination was greater with small and medium seeds than with large seeds in all varieties except Girnar I, which had the highest germination with large seeds. Field emergence was less than laboratory germination, particularly for large seeds of Spanish bunch-types and with small seeds of Virginia runner-types. The seed sizes of GG 2 and Girnar 1 had similar germination in the laboratory and field. Large seeds produced more vigorous plants having more shoot and root biomass initially and more large seeds at harvest than those from small and medium seeds. However, at maturity the plants produced by the various seed categories did not differ significantly in plant height, pod yields, 100-seed weight and shelling percentage. Small and medium seeds, which germinate better and require less weight of seeds .Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe effect of seed size on germination, growth and crop yield of eight groundnut varieties was studied. Germination was greater with small and medium seeds than with large seeds in all varieties except Girnar I, which had the highest germination with large seeds. Field emergence was less than laboratory germination, particularly for large seeds of Spanish bunch-types and with small seeds of Virginia runner-types. The seed sizes of GG 2 and Girnar 1 had similar germination in the laboratory and field. Large seeds produced more vigorous plants having more shoot and root biomass initially and more large seeds at harvest than those from small and medium seeds. However, at maturity the plants produced by the various seed categories did not differ significantly in plant height, pod yields, 100-seed weight and shelling percentage. Small and medium seeds, which germinate better and require less weight of seeds …Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn medium black calcareous soil, the chlorosis in groundnut leaves due to iron and sulphur deficiencies appeared 10 to 15 days after emergence (DAE) and showed maximum intensity in between 30 to 70 DAE. The excess irrigation (irrigation at -0.3 bar) enhanced chlorosis causing reductions in chlorophyll contents in leaves, plant height, dry matter production, pod and haulm yields and nutrient uptake by groundnut. The application of iron and sulphur fertilizers caused regreening of chlorotic leaves and increased all these parameters significantly. The pod yield reduction due to chlorosis was 15.9 to 32.3%. Application of iron sulphate (3 Kg Fe ha super(-1)), iron citrate (3 Kg Fe ha super(-1)) and elemental sulphur (20 Kg S ha super(-1)), 50% in the soil followed by three foliar sprays of 0.5% aqueous solution increased 18.9 to 24.5, 12.4 to 19.2 and 7.4 to 15.2% pod yield, respectively. Among these treatments iron.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThirty Spanish groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were grown for three cropping seasons, i.e., for two consecutive rainy and summer, and one post-rainy, and evaluated for physiological, morphological and anatomical traits and yield components. Photosynthetic rate (PN) was measured at full pod (R4) during rainy and post-rainy while at different reproductive growth stages during summer seasons. Response of cultivars to physiological traits differed significantly and cultivars belonging to high PN expressed higher gs and lower difference between leaf and air temperatures ( T) indicating that groundnut productivity could be increased by increasing gs. Among the reproductive growth stages, PN was higher during full pod (R4) and beginning seed (R5) in addition T was least during this period. This indicated that Spanish groundnut is more close to the determinate type of growth habit and exhibited reproductive sink driven PN. Associations between morphological and physiological traits and yield components were established and potential trade-offs between various traits were identified. For example, associations between PN and total sink size (r = 0.43* *), weight of mature pods (r = 0.45* *) and harvest index (HI) (r = 0.48* *) were positive while association between PN and T (r = −0.60* *), leaf temperature (r = −0.47* *), petiole length (r = −0.50* *), both leaflet length and width (r = −66* *) were negative. Among the sources of variation, environment was found most detrimental to influence the traits and among the physiological traits influence of environment was more on gs than the PN and T. Similarly, environment has influenced pod yield more than reproductive sink size. Among all the traits studied, PN, gs, pod yield and HI contributed maximum to the observed variation. In conclusion, knowledge on physiological understanding in relation to PN and productivity and wide genetic variability among various traits, as reported in this study, could be utilized in developing new potential germplasm and designing ideotype for making the cultivars more adaptive for different water availability areas in semi-arid tropics worldwide.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe relationship between relative water content (RWC) and permanent wilting was studied in 21 Spanish groundnut cultivars by imposing 60 days of progressive stress (DPS) by withholding irrigation 24 days after emergence (DAE) and periodical recording of soil moisture content, soil temperature, leaf RWC and wilting symptoms and then re-watering and recording of rejuvenation during Summer season. With increasing water deficit stress, the leaf RWC declined progressively in all cultivars with mean values of 92, 85, 77, 69 and 61 at 10, 25, 35, 50 and 60 DPS, respectively. Amazingly, even after 60 DPS, the RWC was above 60 in 13 out of 21 cultivars of which 11 cultivars showed <25% visual wilting (VWP) and of these seven cultivars i.e. TPG 41, ICGV 86590, TG 37A, Girnar 3, AK 159, GG 4 and DRG 12 showing <10% permanent wilting (PWP) are promising. The study conclude that lower limit of RWC in groundnut leaves causing permanent wilting though varied with cultivars, the groundnut plants could survive moisture deficit up to 60% RWC and further reduction enhanced permanent wilting. A strong inverse relation between RWC at 60 DPS and VWP (r= -0.74* *) and RWC at 60 DPS and PWP (r= -0.76* *) respectively, indicate that RWC at the 60 DPS determines the mortality of groundnut plants undergoing severe moisture deficit stress.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes (351) belonging to three different market types, i.e., Vulgaris (VUL), Fastigiata (FST) and Virginia (VIR) were analysed for yield and physiological traits, under field conditions during 2009 wet season. Most of the genotypes belonging to VIR exhibited high biomass, pod yield, SPAD - reading, leaf stomatal density, 100 - seed mass and, low specific leaf area (SLA) and UC. On the other hand, most of the genotypes belonging to VUL and FST exhibited high HI, shelling outturn and SLA. The UC was directly associated with SLA (r=0.53 * *) indicating that higher the SLA lower the drought tolerance. Based on variations in physiological parameters, 92 genotypes were selected and analysed in 3D concrete - blocks for various roots and shoot traits, after imposing water deficit stress, during 2010 dry season. Bi - plot analysis showed significant trait - by - trait and genotype - by - trait interactions between various roots and shoot parameters. For example, angle between line of vector of primary root length (PRL) and Fv/Fm ratio, leaf relative water content (RWC) and total biomass (TBIO) were acute indicating direct association between these traits. On the other hand, lines of vector of PRL and folding of leaves were in appositive direction indicating that these two traits are inversely associated. Also, length of vector was higher for the traits, i.e., PRL, SRL, R:S ratio, TBIO, RV, root weight density while moderate for RWC, Fv/Fm and SDRL. In addition, SLA was correlated with PRL (r= - 0.42 * *), secondary root length (SRL) (r= - 0.53 * *), secondary dense root length (SDRL) (r= - 0.72 * *) and root volume (RV) (r= - 0.58 * *). It is presumed that SLA along with desirable roots traits played crucial role in determining drought tolerance or otherwise. Further, based on PRL, genotypes were classified as high (>96.8 cm) and low (<76.4 cm) ranks, most of high rank genotypes exhibited low SLA, high TBIO, Fv/Fm and RWC, while most of the low rank genotypes were having high SLA, and rest all above mentioned traits were lower than high rank. In addition, some genotypes were identified with high TBIO, irrespective of PRL and SLA, but Fv/Fm and RWC in these were significantly lower than genotypes having low SLA and high biomass, indicating that these genotypes might be suitable for irrigated conditions. Genotype NRCG 12109 was identified having all desirable traits, and this could be ‘plant type’ for drought tolerance. This study offers valuable genetic material for use in breeding programmes to develop new cultivars for drought prone areas in semi - arid tropics, worldwide, and Fv/Fm could be used as screening tool for drought tolerance.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePeanut cultivation is habitually threatened by drought which affects the plant at all stages of development. The transient water deficit stress was imposed during 30–60 days after sowing (DAS) and 60–85 DAS in summer seasons of 2011 and 2012, respectively. As a surrogate of transpiration efficiency (TE), soil plant analytical development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were evaluated and correlated with the pod yield (PY). The SCMR value increased at 60 and 85 DAS due to water deficit stress imposed during 30–60 DAS and 60–85 DAS, respectively. The SLA ranged from 129 to 156 cm2 g-1 at 60 DAS and from 131 to 152 cm2 g-1 at 85 DAS. Water deficit stress during 30–60 DAS did not affect the PY but, the water deficit stress during 60–85 DAS had resulted in 26 % PY loss as compared to normal irrigated crop. Variation in total dry matter (TDM) among peanut genotypes was observed. The positive correlation between SCMR and TDM; and SCMR and PY; at 60 and 85 DAS under water deficit conditions categorized the SCMR as a more pertinent trait than the SLA in peanut genotypes. Thus, it is advised to record SCMR at 85 DAS as a rapid technique to screen a large number of peanut genotypes submitted to water deficit stress during summer which can minimise the labour and work load of breeders during varietal development programsNot Availabl

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