Tumor suppression effect of Solanum nigrum polysaccharide fraction on breast cancer animal model via immunomodulation

A polysaccharide fraction from Solanum nigrum, SN-ppF3 was shown previously to have an immunomodulatory activity where it could possibly be used to enhance the host immune response in fighting cancer. The non-toxic SN-ppF3 was fed orally to breast tumor bearing-mice with concentrations of 250 and 500mg/kg for 10days. During the treatment period, size of the tumor and weight of the mice were monitored. At the end of the treatment, blood, tumor, spleen and thymus were harvested for physiological and immunological analyses. After the treatment, the tumor volume and tumor weight were significantly inhibited by 65% and 40%, respectively. Based on the histological observation, the treatment of SN-ppF3 resulted in the disruption of tumor cells morphology. The increase in infiltrating T cells, NK cells and macrophages were observed in tumor tissues of the treated mice, which partly explained the higher apoptosis tumor cells observed in the treated mice. Moreover, the level of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 were elevated, while the level of IL-6 was decreased significantly, in serum of the treated mice. These results suggested that tumor suppression mechanisms observed in SN-ppF3-treated mice were most probably due through enhancing the host immune response

Prediction of signaling pathway induced by solanum nigrum polysaccharide fraction, SN-ppF3 in activating raw 264.7 macrophage cells

Previously, the Solanum nigrum polysaccharide fraction, SN-ppF3 was proven to have an immunomodulatory activity by classically activating RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. However, the cellular pathway induced by SN-ppF3 has not to be outlined. In the present study, we predicted the possible cellular pathways induced when macrophage cells were treated with SN-ppF3. The cells were treated with SN-ppF3 for 24 hours and microscopically observed for any morphological due to the treatment. Pinocytosis analysis was carried out to revalidate SN-ppF3 capability as an immunomodulator and also to serve as cytotoxicity evaluation. To outline the signaling pathway induced the cell lysate of 24 hours SN-ppF3-treated macrophage cells were subjected to inflammation analysis through ELISA approach. After the treatment, the morphology of RAW 264.7 cells was obviously altered and pinocytosis activity was significantly increased. In response to the treatment, several phosphorylated proteins such as IκB-α, p38, and NF-κB p65 were significantly up-regulated. Our study suggested that SN-ppF3 treatment could classically activate macrophage through NF-κB pathways which closely similar to the pathway induced by LPS. © 2019 Malaysian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All rights reserved

Dimming techniques for visible light communication system

Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging and promising new technology in optical wireless communication (OWC). However, dimming has an adverse effect on the performance of visible light communication system. In visible light communication (VLC) system, illumination and communication both are provided simultaneously using a light emitting diode (LED). The specification for lighting is application specific for which dimming control is required. There are different modulation techniques for dimming control in visible light communication. In this thesis, NRZ-OOK modulation method and 4-QAM-OFDM modulation techniques are investigated for different dimming range, transmission distance, beam divergence angle and bit rate. The result shows that for 13m link range, 5Gb/s data speed is achievable for the 4-QAM-OFDM scheme. The analysis of this research is executed only based on system parameters. The scope of this research excluded the following parameters which are shadowing, mobility, multipath interference and inter-symbol interference for multicarrier modulation. These are the related research topic which can be investigated for future work

Preliminary analysis of dimming property for visible light communication

Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging and promising new technology in optical wireless communication (OWC). However, dimming affects the performance of the visible light communication system. In visible light communication (VLC) system, illumination and communication both are provided simultaneously using light-emitting diode (LED). The dimming control applicable and required for the lighting system. There are different modulation techniques for dimming control in visible light communication. In this paper, only the NRZ-OOK modulation method is investigated for different dimming range, transmission distance, beam divergence angle and bit rate. Optisystem Software is a tool that analyze the performance of the system. The result shows that by increasing the link from 10 m to 63 m, the obtained BER is 6.16656×10-9, Q factor is 5.6919 and 400kb/s data speed. However, the achieved data rate is still unsatisfactory for the VLC system. We increased the data rate from 400kb/s to 2Mb/s, but the distance between transmitter and receiver decreased to 3m by maintaining BER of 1.33827×10-9. It means that high-speed data transmission by using NRZ-OOK is for short distance only. The scope of this research excluded the following parameters which are shadowing, mobility, multipath interference and intersymbol interference for multicarrier modulation. These are the related research topic which is for future work

Stimulatory effects of polysaccharide fraction from Solanum nigrum on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells.

The polysaccharide fraction from Solanum nigrum Linne has been shown to have antitumor activity by enhancing the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of the T-lymphocyte subpopulation. In this study, we analyzed a polysaccharide extract of S. nigrum to determine its modulating effects on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells since macrophages play a key role in inducing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Crude polysaccharide was extracted from the stem of S. nigrum and subjected to ion-exchange chromatography to partially purify the extract. Five polysaccharide fractions were then subjected to a cytotoxicity assay and a nitric oxide production assay. To further analyze the ability of the fractionated polysaccharide extract to activate macrophages, the phagocytosis activity and cytokine production were also measured. The polysaccharide fractions were not cytotoxic, but all of the fractions induced nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells. Of the five fractions tested, SN-ppF3 was the least toxic and also induced the greatest amount of nitric oxide, which was comparable to the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression detected in the cell lysate. This fraction also significantly induced phagocytosis activity and stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Our study showed that fraction SN-ppF3 could classically activate macrophages. Macrophage induction may be the manner in which polysaccharides from S. nigrum are able to prevent tumor growth

Western blot analysis for detection of iNOS and β-actin in polysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells.

<p>Western blot analysis for detection of iNOS and β-actin in polysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells.</p

Carbohydrate and protein content in 100 mg/mL of <i>S. nigrum</i> polysaccharide fractions.

<p>Values expressed are mean ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 3). Different uppercased letters in each column indicate a significant difference at <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p>Carbohydrate and protein content in 100 mg/mL of <i>S. nigrum</i> polysaccharide fractions.</p

Neutral monosaccharides composition of SN-ppF3.

<p>*n.d. is labeled as not detected.</p><p>Neutral monosaccharides composition of SN-ppF3.</p

Ion-exchange chromatography profile of <i>S. nigrum</i> crude polysaccharide extract on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column.

<p>Ion-exchange chromatography profile of <i>S. nigrum</i> crude polysaccharide extract on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column.</p

Cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ value) of <i>S. nigrum</i> polysaccharide fractions against RAW 264.7 cell line and killing percentage at maximum concentration.

<p>**Positive control. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (<i>n</i> = 3). Different letters (a–c) indicate a significant difference at <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p>Cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ value) of <i>S. nigrum</i> polysaccharide fractions against RAW 264.7 cell line and killing percentage at maximum concentration.</p