Graduates wage-premium: a case for subject choice, gender, ethnicity, background, and skills

This thesis presents three chapters, each addressing the key variables affecting the wage premium of graduates. The first chapter gives the heterogeneity analysis of differences in gender wage premium. The second chapter explores the impact of the financial crisis on the evolution of new graduates’ wage premiums. Lastly, the third chapter answers how the graduate wage premium varies with individuals' skill level and family background and how individual achievement score at school level and family background influence degree subject choices. The first chapter starts with the understanding that there has been a gender wage premium difference in the UK labour market and men are likely to earn a higher wage premium compared to women. We analyse this difference in-depth and differentiate among subject choices, part-time and full-time workers, white and non-white ethnicity individuals, and London based and non-London based individuals. The results show that graduates in medicine, maths and engineering earn the highest premium compared to other subjects for both part-time and full-time workers. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that being employed in London and coming from ethnic minority backgrounds also significantly affect the wage premium. The second chapter is based on the understanding that there has been a significant impact of the financial crisis, 2008/09 on the labour market of the UK. We in this chapter explore how the financial crisis of 2008/09 had an impact on the wage premium of new graduates and on the probability of individuals securing a professional job. We cannot categorically say that the financial crisis had an impact on the wage premium or on the likelihood of new graduates securing a professional job. Lastly, literature has shown that there has been a significant effect of cognitive/non-cognitive skills and family background on the subject choices made at degree level and (the individuals’) wage premium. This chapter presents significant evidence that in the UK, the graduate wage premium is impacted by (the individuals’) numeracy and literacy scores at Key stage 3 and family background. We have also depicted that the Key Stage 3 achievement score and family background has a significant impact on the subject choices made by individuals at degree level

ANALYSIS OF INVISIBLE CHILD LABOUR IN HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR

This study was undertaken in Hayatabad Town, Peshawar. The study investigates socio-economic factors affecting invisible child labour. The study was based on a sample of 95 households and the data were collected in July 2006. The study found that although the wages of working children were small but they contributed significantly to their households’ income. More than half of the working children were not satisfied with their present job and their employers and more than half of working children reported that their employers were harsh with them. The regression results showed that household income, landholdings and parents’ education were significant determinants of invisible child labour in the study area.Invisible child labour, poverty, Hayatabad, Pakistan

Student access to the curriculum in an age of performativity and accountability: an examination of policy enactment

The curriculum is often the target of reform and governments use a range of accountability measures to ensure compliance. This paper examines the decisions schools in England make regarding history provision, in a period of curriculum change, and the potential consequences of these decisions. Drawing on a large, longitudinal data set, of primary and secondary material, the study examines the relationship between the number of students entered for public examination in history in England and a range of situated and material factors (Braun, Maguire and Ball, 2010). The data suggest that particular measures of accountability are effective in shaping school decision-making, but the type of school, socio-economic nature of the school intake, and students’ prior attainment are also important factors in understanding the decisions made. This does result in an inequitable access to history education; this inequity exists between different types of schools and socio-economic areas, and is also evident within schools where students with low prior attainment are less likely to be allowed to study history

A non-integer order dengue internal transmission model

Abstract A non-linear mathematical model with non-integer order γ, 0 1 $\mathcal{R}_{0} > 1$ , F 0 $\mathcal{F}_{0}$ is not stable, the endemic equilibrium (EE) F ∗ $\mathcal{F}^{*}$ exists, and it is an attractor. Numerical examples of the proposed model are also proven to study the behavior of the system

Use of X-ray fluoroscopy in orthopedic operations: The patient’s perspective

Zain Ul-Abadin1, Faisal rauf Khan2, Shams Rauf3, Nadia Rauf31Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK; 2Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, North West Wales, UK; 3Gynaecology LRH, Peshawar, PakistanAbstract: We collected data from 50 patients who had orthopedic trauma surgery involving X-ray fluoroscopy. All patients were interviewed post-operatively. The aim of the study was to find out what patients thought of orthopedic trauma surgery, the radiation involved, and their concerns post-trauma surgery. Were they given information about the procedures? Did the surgery follow the Department of Health, UK guidelines? That is, consent should be informed, etc. Results showed that most of the patients were unaware of the fact that they were X-rayed during the operation; hence the emphasis on informed consent should be stressed. Most of the patients were unaware about the availability of any protective clothing (lead shield). Even some female patients were unaware of the harmful effects of the radiation on the fetus. Hence, we recommend that more information and education be given to orthopedic trauma patients regarding X-rays. Keywords: X-ray use, orthopedic operations, patients, awarenes

Numerical investigations of stochastic HIV/AIDS infection model

In this paper, a stochastic HIV/AIDS epidemic model has been studied numerically. A discussion among the solutions related to deterministic HIV/AIDS model and stochastic HIV/ AIDS epidemic model has shown that the stochastic solution is more realistic than the deterministic solution. To control the diseases, the threshold parameter R0 plays a key role in the stochastic HIV/AIDS epidemic model. If R01. The explicit approaches such as the Milstein scheme, stochastic Euler scheme, and stochastic Runge-Kutta 4 are dependent on temporal step size, whereas non-standard finite difference approaches are independent of step size. The results for numerical approaches like the Milstein scheme, stochastic Euler scheme, and stochastic Runge-Kutta 4 scheme fail for outsized step size. The stochastic non-standard finite difference scheme conserves dynamic features like confinedness, consistency and positivity