4,933 research outputs found
Poor Performance of Health and Population Welfare Programmes in Sindh: Case Studies in Governance Failure
Over the past few years, the issue of what is meant by âgood governanceâ has generated increasing attention and debate both at the national and international level [Streeten (1997)]. The role of state and how that role is to be exercised is appearing high on the agenda of politicians, policy-makers and academicians in the developing world. Governance has been defined by the World Bank as âthe manner in which power is exercised in the management of the countryâs economic and social resourcesâ [World Bank (1994)]. The somewhat narrow scope of this definition has been broadened in recent years to âthe sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairsâ [Commission on Global Governance (995)] The Human Development Report [UNDP (1999)] goes beyond these definitions and gives a much more radical notion of good governance, underpinning the importance of peoplesâ participation in shaping their own governance and development. This type of governance has been labeled as âhumane governanceâ. A review of existing literature thus shows that governance has been interpreted to have different elements such as management of economic and social resources for development, formulation and implementation of policies, discharging of functions, accommodation of diverse interests towards cooperative action and above all, accountability to people and ownership by the people of the governance process. In view of the above, one may ask what constitutes good governance for the health sector? Management of resources pertains to the concept of efficiency, a term appearing with increasing frequency in global literature on health care reforms; policy formulation and discharging of functions allude to the objective of effectiveness which itself has a wide scope encompassing relevance, quality and availability of health care; while âhumane governanceâ brings in the notion of community participation and accountability with regards to decision-making and delivery of health care.
Issues in Pakistan's Health Sector
The health sector in Pakistan is riddled with numerous
problems, constraints and contradictions. There is the problem of a lack
of health facilities in rural areas, of unemployed doctors despite the
acute shortage of trained medical personnel in the country, of 'brain
drain' of medical graduates, of the inability of medical graduates to
work in simple rural settings and their dependence on âsophisticatedâ
technology of pharmaceutical companies enriching themselves at the
expense of the common man, and of a lack of potable water and adequate
sewerage in slums and rural areas. The list can be expanded but the
stark fact is that most of the people have little or no access to
adequate health facilities and are faced with a high incidence of
disease
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Contested identities and the Muslim Qaum in northern India : c. 1860-1900
Using primarily published sources in Urdu from the second-half of the nineteenth
century, my thesis presents evidence with regard to north Indian Muslims, which
questions the idea of a homogenous, centralising, entity, at times called the Muslim
community, qaum, ummah or nation. Using a large number of second-tier publicists'
writings in Urdu, the thesis argues that the self-perceptions and representations of
many Muslims, were far more local, parochial, disparate, multiple, and highly
contested. The idea of a homogenous, levelling, sense of collective identity, or an
imagined community, seem wanting in this period. This line of evidence and
argumentation, also has important implications for locating the moment of
separatism and identity formation amongst north Indian Muslims, and argues that
this happened much later than has previously been imagined. Based on this, the
thesis also argues against an anachronistic or teleological strain of historiography
with regard to north Indian Muslims of this period.
The main medium through which these arguments are debated, is through the Urdu
print world, where a large number of new sources have been presented which
underscore this difference, more than this uniformity. Whether it was in religious
debates, debates around the attempt to unify - as part of a qaum - or around the
reasons for Muslims to be at a point of zillat - utter humiliation - the literature points
to multiple and diverse interpretations, causes and solutions. Moreover, the question
of who a Muslim was', was always bitterly contested by those who claimed to be
Muslims themselves. The thesis also examines the forum of the munÀzara, and how
pre-print forms of public engagement helped in emphasising individual identity,
authority and reputation. The interplay between oral representation and the
subsequent written accounts after the event, also raise questions about the fixity of
print'. and about sources for historians.
Using this new print material, the thesis engages broadly, with notions related to the
imagined community and the public sphere, arguing that in a colonial context, much
of the theory based on the European experience, needs to be rethought, for the nature
and development of the public sphere/s and of the formation of communities, may
have been somewhat different in this context
Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole
The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV),
Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with
5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these
complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis
and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate
behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases
except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its
bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral
geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case
of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral
halogen bridged structure has been proposed
Revisiting and Induced Quasielastic Scattering from Nuclei in Sub-GeV Energy Region
We present the results of charged current quasielastic(CCQE) scattering cross
sections from free as well as bound nucleons like in , ,
and nuclear targets in 1 GeV
energy region.
The results are obtained using local Fermi gas model with and without RPA
effect.
The differences those may arise in the electron and muon production cross
sections due to the different lepton mass, uncertainties in the axial dipole
mass and pseudoscalar form factor, and due to the inclusion of second
class currents have been highlighted for neutrino/antineutrino induced
processes.Comment: Published in Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (NuInt-2015
INVESTIGATION OF CCN1 ROLE(S) IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL)
Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a comparatively rare non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma which is characterised by the overexpression of cyclin D1. Many patients present with or progress to advanced stage disease within three years. Disease progression involves down regulation of cyclin D1. Moreover, MCL is broadly considered as an incurable disease with median survival of patients being 3-4 years. CCN1, a matricellular protein involved in stem cell signalling within the haematopoietic microenvironment is highly expressed in early stage MCL cells and down-regulated in advanced stage disease.
We have used the human MCL cell lines REC1<G519<JVM2 as a model for disease aggression. We have investigated the role(s) of CCN1, cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in MCL progression. CCN1 dysregulation is identified in MCL progression whereby the magnitude of CCN1 expression in human MCL cells is REC1ËG519ËJVM2 cells by RQ-PCR, depicting a decrease in CCN1 expression with disease progression. Further investigation of CCN1 protein expression by western blotting showed that whilst expression of fullâlength CCN1 (42kDa) barely altered through the cell lines, expression of the truncated form (20kDa) was high in REC1 cells (OD:1.0) reduced in G519 cells (OD:0.5) and barely detected in JVM2 cells depicting decreased with disease progression.
We have then demonstrated that cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p21CIP1and p27KIP1) are also involved in disease progression using the above MCL cell line model. Cyclin D1 was highly expressed in REC1 cells (OD: 1.0), reduced to one fifth in G519 cells (OD: 0.2) and not detected by western blotting in JVM2 cells. p27KIP1 followed a similar profile of expression as cyclin D1. Conversely, p21CIP1 was absent in the REC1 cells and showed increasing expression in G519 and JVM2 cells. Subcellular localization detected p21CIP1/ p27KIP1 primarily within the cytoplasm and absent from the nucleus, consistent with altered roles in treatment resistance. Mitochondrial detection of p21 in the JVM2 cell line supports an additional anti-apoptotic role.
CCN1 likely plays a key role in B cell development; dysregulation of CCN1 may support MCL progression with p21CIP1 and p27kIP1 forming molecular signatures associated with progressive disease.
REC1 cells and JVM2 cells were genetically modified using lentivirus to identify the potential pathways associated with CCN1. CCN1 knockdown was performed in REC1 cells (REC1 KD) and CCN1 overexpression in JVM2 cells (CCN1 OE). Proteomics analysis of JVM2 OE and REC1 KD revealed interesting results showing regulation of 44 proteins. 19 proteins regulated by CCN1 that simultaneously downregulated in the CCN1 KD model and up-regulated in CCN1 OE model. 25 proteins modulated by CCN1 that simultaneously up-regulated in CCN1 KD model and down-regulated in CCN1 OE model.
Our results suggest novel roles for CCN1. Whilst CCN1 roles are substantial in solid tumour research, CCN1 role(s) within the haematopoietic compartment are less well defined or investigated. CCN1 may have potential role(s) as a novel pro-inflammation regulator by modulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and within regulation of haematopoiesis via pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF1). CCN1 was shown to modulate calcium ion signalling by targeting intracellular calcium receptor protein Calmodulin 3 (CALM 3). CCN1 altered Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) and Talin 1 (TLN1) expression and could potentiate new targets to supplement treatment for MCL. However, these novel pathways would need further investigation to identify the role(s) of CCN1 in B cell development and within the bone marrow microenvironment where regulation of haematopoiesis ensues.Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researc
Nucleon and nuclear structure functions with non-perturbative and higher order perturbative QCD effects
We have studied the nucleon structure functions ,
by including contributions due to the higher order perturbative QCD effect up
to NNLO and the non-perturbative effects due to the kinematical and dynamical
higher twist (HT) effects. The numerical results for are
obtained using Martin, Motylinski, Harland-Lang, Thorne (MMHT) 2014 NLO and
NNLO nucleon parton distribution functions (PDFs). The dynamical HT correction
has been included following the renormalon approach as well as the
phenomenological approach and the kinematical HT effect is incorporated using
the works of Schienbein et al. These nucleon structure functions have been used
as an input to calculate the nuclear structure functions .
In a nucleus, the nuclear corrections arise because of the Fermi motion,
binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contribution, shadowing and
antishadowing effects. These nuclear corrections are taken into account in the
numerical calculations to obtain the nuclear structure functions , for the various nuclear targets like , , ,
, , and which are of experimental
interest.
The effect of isoscalarity correction for nonisoscalar nuclear targets has
also been studied.
The results for the are compared with nCTEQ nuclear
PDFs parameterization as well as with the experimental results from JLab, SLAC
and NMC in the kinematic region of for several nuclei.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0990
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