Negative Correlation between Serum S100B and Leptin Levels in Schizophrenic Patients During Treatment with Clozapine and Risperidone: Preliminary Evidence

Abstract Recently, extensive efforts have been made to understand the rate of energy expenditure and the weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment, including identification of markers of obesity risk. In recent years, leptin, an adipocyte hormone, has gained significant interest in psychiatric disorders. S100B has been considered as a surrogate marker for astrocytespecific damage in neurologic disorders. Also, S100B has been detected in adipose with concentration as high as nervous tissue as a second release source. In this study we evaluated the relationship between S100B and leptin in schizophrenic patients under treatment with clozapine and risperidone.This study included 19 patients meeting the DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia, having body mass index (BMI) of 16-25 kg/m 2 and suffering schizophrenia for more than 3 years and from this study. Twenty five healthy controls were group matched for age and gender whose BMI was 16-25 kg/m 2 . Serum S100B and leptin levels and positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) were assessed at admission and after six weeks. During the study, S100B showed a strong and negative correlation with leptin (r = -0.5, P = 0.01). Also, there were negative correlation between serum S100B level and PANSS negative subscale after 6 weeks of treatment (r = -0.048, P = 0.8). Positive correlation between leptin level and PANSS suggested a potential role for leptin which can mediate the link between antipsychotic induced weight gain and therapeutic response in schizophrenia

Intraoral ancient schwannoma: A systematic review of the case reports

Intraoral ancient schwannoma is a rare type of oral schwannoma, which is encapsulated and well demarcated from the surrounding tissues. Ancient schwannomas are associated with conventional features of neurilemmoma; however, they are distinguished from other types of schwannoma due to factors such as the long history, cellular architecture showing hypocellularity, and hyalinized matrices. This systematic review was performed through searching in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using related keywords (intraoral, oral, ancient, schwannoma, and neurilemmoma). Eventually, 26 case reports were systematically reviewed by the researchers. Required data were extracted by one researcher, and all the selected articles were reviewed in full text after screening. This systematic review aimed to determine the most significant influential factors in intraoral ancient schwannoma and evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this regard

Oral Schwannoma: A Systematic Review of the Case Reports

Schwannomas are benign neoplasms with unknown etiology, which apparently arise from neural sheath Schwann cells. Intraoral schwannomas are solitary, slow-growing lesions occurring at different ages; these lesions are normally asymptomatic and in some cases, they are accompanied by pain and paresthesia if spotted in the intraosseous regions of the mandibles. Definitive diagnosis of schwannoma is established through histopathological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation, and the first-line treatment involves the surgical excision of the tumor with preservation of neighboring structures. Anti-S100 protein is the most significant antibody used to identify schwannomas. Schwannomas are known to have good prognosis, and if the lesion is completely removed, there is a low risk of recurrence. This systematic review aimed to determine the most significant variables influencing intraoral schwannoma and evaluate effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors

Assessment of Root Morphology and Apices of First and Second Maxillary Molars in Tehran Population

Introduction: Objective: This study aimed to assess the possible variations in root canal anatomy and topography of the apices of first and second maxillary molars. Materials and methods: A total of 67 first and second maxillary permanent molars were collected. Access cavity was prepared and 2% methylene blue was injected. The teeth were demineralized by 5% nitric acid and cleared with methyl salicylate. Specimens were evaluated under stereomicroscopy and analyzed using the sample t-test. Results: Based on Vertucci’s classification, the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars was type I in 87.5% and type IV in 12.5% of the cases. The mesiobuccal root of second maxillary molars was type I in 60%, type II in 8.6%, type IV in 25.7% and type V in 5.7% of cases. In maxillary first and second molars, the distobuccal and palatal roots were type I in 100% of the cases. The distance of the apical constriction from the apical foramen was 0.21±0.09 mm, the distance from the apical constriction tothe anatomic apex was 0.44±0.19 mm and the distance of the apical foramen from the anatomic apex was 0.15±0.15 mm. The mean percentage of delta prevalence was 3.2% in both teeth. Conclusion: The mean distance of the apical foramen and apical constriction from the anatomic apex was less than 0.6 and 1.2 mm, respectively. In maxillary first and second molars, the mean distance of the apical constriction from the apical foramen and anatomic apex was 0.21 and 0.44, respectively and the mean distance of the apical foramen from the anatomic apex was 0.15 m

Therapeutic Outcomes of Hyperthyroidism: A Ten-year Investigation in an Endocrine Clinic in North of Iran

Materials and methods: This descriptive study included all hyperthyroid patients. All therapeutic results were recorded and analyzed. Results: In this study, 329 records were studied and 104 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Graves' disease (GD) and toxic adenoma were reported in 94% and 6%, respectively. Among the patients with GD, 30.5% (21.7-40.3%) did not respond to initial ATD treatment and 20% had recurrent GD despite appropriate initial response. Overall, antithyroid drugs failure occurred in 50.5% (40.45-60.55%) of the patients. Lower age, lower body mass index (BMI), high thyroid weight, and higher baseline thyroid hormone levels were associated with ATD failure (P <0.05). Patients with toxic adenomas and patients who did not respond to ATD or those who experienced relapse of hyperthyroidism received radioactive iodine or underwent surgery. Hypothyroidism occurred in 13.1% of patients with ATD alone, in 66.7% of those with surgery, and in 79.4% of the patients who received radioactive iodine (P= 0.0001). Conclusion: A significant proportion of hyperthyroid patients experience drug failure. Age, BMI, thyroid weight, and basal levels of thyroid hormones are associated with drug treatment failure. Prevalence of hypothyroidism after treatment with radioactive iodine is higher than the drug treatment alone or surgery groups