The Anti-staphylococcus Aureus Effect Of Combined Echinophora Platyloba Essential Oil And Liquid Smoke In Beef

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)In the current study, the antibacterial effect of Echinophora platyloba essential oil and common liquid smoke (individually and in combination) against Staphylococcus aureus in beef meat samples is investigated. Using an automated microbiological growth analyser and the turbidimetric technique, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the essential oil and liquid smoke were determined. Anti-S. aureus activity of essential oil and liquid smoke (individually and in combination) was defined by disk diffusion assay, generation time and cell constituent release. Apart from that, the interactions between these two compounds were measured by the checkerboard assay and by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Related MIC values of essential oil and smoke were found to be 7200 and 5500 mg/L, and MBC values were 8500 and 8000 mg/L, respectively. The conducted organoleptic assay showed that the addition of 0.05 g of essential oil and 0.6 g of liquid smoke to 100 g of meat samples did not have adverse effect on the overall acceptance. Weaker antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus was observed when only Echinophora platyloba essential oil was used than when it was used in combination with liquid smoke.551117124Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [1395-77359]CNPq-TWAS [324027 4290]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Emerging Studies on Zataria multiflora Boiss L.: Pioneering the Antimicrobial and Antifungal Characteristics–A Systematic Review

Background and Objective: Zataria multiflora Boiss L., a medicinal herb, is addressed for its diverse biological characteristics, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxid-ant and pain-relieving characteristics. However, specific mechanisms and compounds responsible for these effects are still under investigation, particularly for their comparative efficacies. The aim of this study was to bridge this knowledge gaps by providing a focused novel analysis of the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antifungal effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss, highlighting its potential health benefits and therapeutic uses. Material and Methods: This review was carried out following standard protocols for systematic analyses. Comprehensive literature searches were carried out in multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Key search terms included "Zataria multiflora Boiss", "antibacterial", "antifungal", "chemical composition" and "biological activities". The review time period included 2003 to 2023 with 71 relevant articles selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This approach ensured adherence to the journal formatting standards for systematic reviews. Results and Conclusion: The present analysis highlighted thymol and carvacrol as the primary compounds of interest in Zataria multiflora Boiss L. linked to its most potent antimicrobial and antifungal effects. Additionally, it was discovered that the antifungal characteristics of this herb were particularly pronounced, surpassing its other biological activities. However, the review included a limited evidence regarding the plant sedative and muscle relaxant characteristics, which fell outside the primary scope of this study on antimicrobial and antifungal effects. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1.Introduction Use of medicinal plants and herbal medicines is still significant despite advances in synthetic drug develop-ment. In some countries, these natural remedies are critical parts of the healthcare system, often surpassing the trade of chemical drugs [1–3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) "Health for all by the year 2000" program emphas-ized importance of traditional medicine, leading to increased scientific and commercial interests in this field. Iran, with its diverse climate, is particularly addressed for its wealth of medicinal plants [4–7]. Shirazi thyme or Zataria (Z.) multiflora [8] is a significant example that is majorly detected in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This plant, as a part of the Lamiaceae family, grows up to 90-cm tall and is characterized by ovate circular leaves, dense tubercular mottling and white, hairy rounded buds in the leaf axils [9]. It is well-known for its culinary and medic-inal uses, particularly for its antiseptic, analgesic, anti-parasitic and antidiarrheal characteristics [10, 11]. Modern pharmacology verifies its therapeutic effects, including pain relief, spasm decrease and antiinflammatory effects. The Z. multiflora is used in various medicinal forms e.g. syrup and cream to treat a wide range of medical conditions, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), vagin-itis, dental pain, oral infections, respiratory and digestive diseases, pain, fever as well as common colds [9, 12–15]. The Z. multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). Naturally, ZMEO contains phenolic oxygenated monoterpene compounds (carvacol, linalool and thymol) that act as free radical scavengers. Phenolic compounds are addressed as plant secondary metabolites, which are formed by the connection of an aromatic nucleus to one or more hydroxyl groups. These compounds are abundantly distributed in all parts of the Z. multiflora and include significant antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity can be attributed to their redox characteristics and chemical structures [8, 17, 18]. A standard method for analysis of Z. multiflora secondary metabolites is gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry. Recently, methods such as mid-infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used as chemical fingerprinting methods to analyze various secondary metabolites of plants [19]. Phenolic acids, poly-phenols and flavonoids are important compounds that include a wide range of biological activities. Their antioxidant activities are due to their polyphenolic natures. Their medicinal use includes a long history and are marketed as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory drugs [20–22]. The study of yield efficiency and chemical compositions of Z. multiflora flowering branches essential oil (EO) showed that the highest and the lowest efficiencies of EO were associated to Zarghan (4%) and Sivand (2.91 %), respectively. Increasing global interests in medicinal plants, reinforced by WHO emphasis on traditional medicine, scores relevance of investigating less used natural remedies such as Z. multiflora [8]. Studies have shown medical uses of Z. multiflora such as mouthwash for the treatment of aphthous stomatitis [9], IBD and vaginitis [23]. Originating from regions such as Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, Z. multiflora has long been recognized for its culinary and medicinal uses. While its antiseptic, analgesic, antiparasitic and antidiarrheal characteristics are well-documented, recent advancements in pharmacology include further validations of its broad therapeutic potentials. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate less-studied dimensions of Z. multiflora, particularly focusing on its phenolic compounds such as carvacol, linalool and thymol, which are critical for their antioxidant activities. While the FDA has acknowledged benefits of ZMEO, significant scopes for the comparative studies on this EO with those of other medicinal plants and with investigation of its novel clinical uses are still available. The aim of the present study was to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of Z. multiflora chemical composition and its various effects, especially in antimicrobial and antifungal fields. Furthermore, this review addressed phytochemical diversity of Z. multiflora, considering variations in its EO composition from various habitats. Such insights are important for cultivating Z. multiflora for industrial, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic means. By investigating these novel aspects, this study developed understanding of Z. multiflora roles in healthy living, especially in modern medicine and therapy. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Search strategy and study selection Published research articles of 2003–2023 (last 20 years) in English were analyzed using relevant terms in Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Search was carried out using the following keywords of "antibacterial activity", "anti-fungal", "chemical”, "Zataria multiflora", "biological act-ivities", "chemical composition", "Zataria multiflora Boiss", "antioxidant activity", "antioxidant" and "extract". Combinations of these words with the operators "and" and "or" were searched as well. 2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria included studies; in which, Z. multiflora Boiss L. and parameters associated to the extract and EO of this plant were assessed without limitations. Studies; in which, Z. multiflora Boiss L. was examined along with other plant species with no restrictions in terms of chemical characteristics included were investigated as well. Interventional studies exclusively assessing anti-fungal characteristics of Z. multiflora Boiss L. were selected for the present study. Exclusion criteria were extended for the studies involving plants other than Z. multiflora Boiss L. and those that did not primarily investigate antifungal attributes of Z. multiflora. Articles with no full texts were excluded from the study, as well as review articles, descriptive studies and manuscripts that were invalid, unassociated or did not meet the specific criteria of focusing on the antifungal aspects of Z. multiflora Boiss L. 2.3. Articles and screening selection protocol The primary search yielded 2912 citations. Removal of 941 duplicates resulted in 1971 citations. Titles and abstracts of 1971 articles were screened. Furthermore, 839 articles that did not meet inclusion criteria or were inappropriate due to indirect links with the subject were excluded. The rest of 1132 full-text articles were reviewed. of these articles, 1061 were excluded and 71 relevant studies were selected based on their relationships with the article goals, inclusion and exclusion criteria and their qualities. Method of analysis and interpretation included determining the study purpose and collecting findings based on preferred reporting items for the systematic review (PRISMA) (Figure 1). Quality of the final articles was assessed separately by an evaluating researcher with experience in systematic reviews and biological topics. Results and Discussion 3.1. Selection of articles In the primary search, 2912 records were identified. Totally, 941 articles were excluded due to duplication. By assessing texts of the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and topic relevance, a total of 71 articles were included in this review (Figure 2). Moreover, 48 articles assessed for antimicrobial and antifungal effects or pharmacological activities and 20 articles assessed for antimicrobial and antifungal effects. Antimicrobial and antifungal effects referred to the highlighted effects on patients’ symptoms or outcomes. Data regarding chemical composition were collected and reported as follows. 3.2. Comprehensive pharmacological analysis of Zataria multiflora Boiss L. Table 1 provides a detailed analysis of the pharma-cological characteristics of Z. multiflora Boiss L. from 48 scholarly articles. This table extensively docum-ents the plant robust antifungal capabilities, with 25 studies corro-borating this attribute. Furthermore, it highlights the plant significant antibacterial characteristics, as identified in nine studies. The present study further includes investigation of Z. multiflora potentials in anti-cancer and antioxidant uses, each detailed in five studies. The table uniquely highlights studies assessing combined anti-bacterial and antioxidant effects of the plant, thereby enriching knowledge of its multifaceted pharmacological uses. This in-depth compilation of research scores Z. multiflora Boiss L. broad therapeutic potentials, illustrating its various uses in modern medicine. Results from studies on Z. multiflora Boiss L. can be translated into practical uses in medicine and therapeutics in various ways including antifungal and antibacterial treatments, cancer therapies and antioxidant benefits. The verified antifungal characteristics can lead to development of novel antifungal drugs, especially for drug-resistant fungal infections. Its anti-bacterial effects suggest potential uses in treating bacterial infections, possibly as an alternative to traditional antibiotics. Anti-cancer findings may contribute to novel approaches in cancer treatment, possibly as complementary therapies with conventional treatments. Antioxidant characteristics indicate uses of the plant in combating oxidative stress-related diseases, potentially as a dietary supplement. These potential uses demonstrate the therapeutic versatility of Z. multiflora, offering promising capabilities for future pharmaceutical developments. It is noteworthy that geographic origin and research methodology significantly affect results of studies on Z. multiflora Boiss L. Chemical com-position of plants can vary based on soil type, climate and other environ-mental factors. Studies from various regions may report variations in the concentration of active compounds, affecting their pharmacological efficacies. Moreover, selection of the extraction methods, experimental models and assay techniques can lead to various outcomes. For example, in-vitro studies may show various levels of efficacy, compared to those in-vivo studies may due to the complexity of biological systems. The reviewed studies show a wide range of pharmacological activities for Z. multiflora Boiss L., including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and antioxidant activities. This addresses potentials of this plant for various therapeutic uses. 3.3. Diverse pharmacological effects of Zataria multiflora The Z. multiflora, known for its antimicrobial and antifungal characteristics, has extensively been studied for various pharmacological effects. A comprehensive review of 20 articles has revealed a wide range of therapeutic potentials. These include relaxant effects in ten studies, which have shown significant improvements in conditions such as asthma and premenstrual syndrome. Three studies highlight its anti-parasitic efficacy, demonstrating effecti-veness against malaria vectors and Leishmania spp. Anal-gesic characteristics have been verified in two studies, showing decreased pain in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and postpartum pain. Similarly, two articles have reported its anti-inflammatory effects, indicat-ing decreases in inflammatory cytokines and factors. Furthermore, a significant study has investigated its potential in nerve repair, particularly in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, showing its neuroprotective charac-teristics. These diverse findings highlight the multifaceted pharmacological uses of Z. multiflora (Table 2). 3.4. Antifungal activity Antifungal effects of thyme extract and EO have been reported in various studies [24–27, 29–33]. Various studies have shown that Candida albicans is one of the most important causes of oral thrush and vaginal yeast infection and is strongly affected by the Z. multiflora extract and EO [24, 26, 32–34, 42–45, 48]. In 2015, Avaei et al. identified a total of 43 Z. multiflora compounds, whose major components included thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and α-pinene. Other components make up less than 19.81% of the oil. Results of the antimicrobial analysis showed that Bacillus cereus was more resistant than the other two bacteria. Of the yeasts, Saccharomyces cervicii was more resistant than C. utilis. From the fungal species, growth of Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger was inhibited by a similar oil concentration. Results of the present study showed that ZMEO included significant antimicrobial activity [30]. In a study, the lowest inhibitory concentration of EOs of 0.007–0.5 μg/ml was achieved [40]. In another study, it was detected that the antifungal effects of ethanolic and methanolic Z. multiflora extracts were significantly higher than its aqueous extract [47]. Further clinical studies in this field can help better understand antifungal characteristics of this plant. 3.5. Antibacterial activity Various studies have shown effects of Z. multiflora extract and EO on various pathogenic bacteria [50, 51]. Results showed that the extract affected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [23, 49, 52]. Assessing the anti-bacterial and antioxidant characteristics of ZEO and Rhus coriaria L. hydroalcoholic extracts, Mojaddar Langroodi et al. showed that sumac extract included a stronger antioxidant activity than that the ZEO did. Based on antibacterial activity results, ZEO was more potent than sumac extract [67, 91]. Mansour et al. investigated antibacterial effects and physicochemical characteristics of ZMEO. Results showed that ZMEO was effective on pathogenic bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus. Investigating physicochemical characteristics such as effects of pH, temperature, detergents and enzymes on ZMEO activity showed that EO was completely stable against temperature and very stable in a wide range of pH. Antibacterial activity of EO is insensitive to all types of protein-denaturing detergents (e.g. Tween 80, Tween 20 and Triton 100) and enzymes (e.g. proteinase K, trypsin, lipase and lysozyme). Therefore, potential use of ZMEO is suggested. However, further studies including purification, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and toxicity assessment are needed to verify this suggestion [92, 93]. 3.6. Antioxidant and antitumor activities Appropriate anti-cancer effects of Z. multiflora extract and EO were reported in five studies [57–61]. In several studies, it was detected that this plant could increase cell death in colon carcinoma, cervical cancer and breast cancer and this increase indicated toxicity caused by the plant extract [59–61]. In 2022, Saffari et al. investigated chem-ical composition, bioactive functional groups, antioxidant ability and cytotoxicity of Shirazi-thyme EO on HT29 cell line. Results showed that with increases in Shirazi-thyme EO concentration, effects on HT29 cell line increased and its survival rate decreased. Based on antioxidant power results, phenol and flavonoid of ZMEO, it is possible to use Z. multiflora as a natural preservative in the food industry [94]. 3.7. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities Based on the studies, blood inflammatory factor levels in the Zataria group were significantly improved [88, 89]. In addition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of this plant have been observed in interventional studies. Ghorani et al. demonstrated that patients improved significantly in their blood inflammatory factors after two months of treat-ment [88]. Another study showed that gastrointestinal patients consuming Shirazi thyme experienced less pains [86]. These have verified anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Z. multiflora. 3.8. Antiparasitic activity Antiparasitic activity of plants has been identified during various investigations [83–85]. Based on a study, ZMEO could be effective against Anopheles mosquitos [84]. In another study, antiretroviral, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory roles of Betulinic (one of the important compounds of ablution) were reported [84, 95] in a study, nanoparticles containing extracts of several plants, including Shirazi thyme, inhibited major malaria vectors [83]. These findings show the importance of thyme as a complementary anti-parasitic treatment. 3.9. Relaxant effects Various therapeutic effects of Z. multiflora such as bronchial dilation and decreases in lung inflammation, common colds and women's disorders have been reported [72, 73]. Findings have shown that Z. multiflora includes good relaxing effects on smooth muscles. Relaxation can be therapeutically important, especially in respiratory obstructive disorders, high blood-pressure vasodilation and digestive disorders [75–79]. Possible mechanisms of Z. multiflora and its component relaxant effects (majorly carvacrol) on smooth muscles, including inhibitory effects on histamine (H1) and muscarinic receptors, blocking effects on calcium channels and stimulating effects on beta-adrenergic receptors, have been verified [96, 97]. Based on the findings, relaxant effect is one of the most important characteristics of carvacrol and thymol compounds, which are abundantly detected in this plant [98]. Several studies have verified these effects, indicating potential roles for this herb in smooth-muscle relaxation. 3.10. Chemical composition Table 3 comprehensively details chemical composition of Z. multiflora Boiss, as identified in various research studies within the last two decades. This table highlights that Z. multiflora Boiss is predominantly comprised of monoterpenes. Significantly, carvacrol is the predominant compound, with its concentration ranging 26.69–76.18% in 13 distinct studies. Another compound is closely thymol, with its concentration varying 19.89-71.40%. Other significant compounds such as p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool and myrcene have been reported. Presence of fatty acids, particularly β-sitosterol and Stigmasterol, has been addressed in two studies. Flavonoids, including 6-hydroxyluteolin, apigenin and luteolin were identified, each in two separate articles. This table provides an in-depth insight at the phytochemical diversity of Z. multiflora Boiss, underlining its potentials for various biological and therapeutic uses. 3.11. Chemical composition The most important compounds in this plant are monoterpenes with nearly 70% reported [54, 102]. Two researches have reported carvacrol, which is a type of monoterpene as the major compound of this plant extract [106, 107]. Thymol has been identified as the major compound in several research [101]. Various results have been reported regarding quantities of carvacrol and thymol. In a semi-experimental study, it was detected that 61% of the content included carvacrol and 25% included thymol [104]. In another similar study, it was detected that nearly 73% of thymol were present in fresh plants and nearly 63% of carvacrol were present in dried plants [105]. These two important substances in Z. multiflora plant include high anti-carcinogenic roles and environmental factors and plant stresses, stage of plant growth; geographical area is another important factor that affects their size [75, 108, 109]. Another major compound is p-cymene [110]. Based on a study, Z. multiflora contains flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin and 6-hydroxyluteolin [111]. In a current systematic review, the most detected compound was carvacrol, which was reported as 26.69–76.18% followed by thymol as 19.89–71.40% in 13 studies. Based on the findings, thymol and carvacrol are phenolic monoterpenes that include positive effects on cellular functions and cellular and humoral immune responses [109, 112]. Older findings have shown that Z. multiflora contains small quantities of tannin, resin and saponins. Alkaloid compounds have not

Postupci proizvodnje propionske kiseline, dosadašnje spoznaje i mogućnosti

During the past years, there has been a growing interest in the bioproduction of propionic acid by Propionibacterium. One of the major limitations of the existing models lies in their low productivity yield. Hence, many strategies have been proposed in order to circumvent this obstacle. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis and review of important biotechnological aspects of propionic acid production as a common ingredient in food and biotechnology industries. We first discuss some of the most important production processes, mainly focusing on biological production. Then, we provide a summary of important propionic acid producers, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici, as well as a wide range of reported growth/production media. Furthermore, we describe bioprocess variables that can have impact on the production yield. Finally, we propose methods for the extraction and analysis of propionic acid and put forward strategies for overcoming the limitations of competitive microbial production from the economical point of view. Several factors influence the propionic acid concentration and productivity such as culture conditions, type and bioreactor scale; however, the pH value and temperature are the most important ones. Given that there are many reports about propionic acid production from glucose, whey permeate, glycerol, lactic acid, hemicelluloses, hydrolyzed corn meal, lactose, sugarcane molasses and enzymatically hydrolyzed whole wheat flour, only few review articles evaluate biotechnological aspects, i.e. bioprocess variables.U posljednje je vrijeme porastao interes za biološku proizvodnju propionske kiseline s pomoću bakterije Propionibacterium. Glavni nedostatak postojećih modela je slab prinos, zbog čega su predložene različite strategije rješavanja tog problema. U ovom su radu opsežno prikazana bitna biotehnološka obilježja postupaka dobivanja propionske kiseline, jednog od uobičajenih sastojaka u prehrambenoj i biotehnološkoj proizvodnji. U prvom dijelu opisujemo najznačajnije proizvodne procese, s naglaskom na biološku proizvodnju, a zatim navodimo bakterije koje proizvode propionsku kiselinu, kao što su Propionibacterium freudenreichii i Propionibacterium acidipropionici, te različite podloge za rast ili proizvodnju. Osim toga, opisujemo varijable procesa koje mogu utjecati na prinos. Naposljetku, predlažemo metode ekstrakcije i analize dobivene propionske kiseline, te ističemo strategije pomoću kojih se mogu zaobići ekonomska ograničenja procesa uzrokovana kompeticijom mikroorganizama tijekom proizvodnje. Na koncentraciju propionske kiseline i produktivnost procesa utječe više čimbenika, kao što su: sastav podloge, tip i veličina bioreaktora te pH-vrijednost i temperatura kao najvažniji čimbenici. Objavljen je velik broj radova o proizvodnji propionske kiseline iz glukoze, permeata sirutke, glicerola, mliječne kiseline, hemiceluloze, hidrolizirane sačme kukuruznih klica, laktoze, melase šećerne trske, te brašna od cjelovitog zrna pšenice hidroliziranog pomoću enzima, ali vrlo mali broj revijalnih prikaza procjenjuje biotehnološke aspekte proizodnje, odnosno varijable bioprocesa

Utjecaj esencijalnog ulja biljke Echinophora platyloba i primarnog kondenzata dima na suzbijanje rasta bakterije Staphylococcus aureus u goveđem mesu

In the current study, the antibacterial effect of Echinophora platyloba essential oil and common liquid smoke (individually and in combination) against Staphylococcus aureus in beef meat samples is investigated. Using an automated microbiological growth analyser and the turbidimetric technique, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the essential oil and liquid smoke were determined. Anti-S. aureus activity of essential oil and liquid smoke (individually and in combination) was defined by disk diffusion assay, generation time and cell constituent release. Apart from that, the interactions between these two compounds were measured by the checkerboard assay and by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Related MIC values of essential oil and smoke were found to be 7200 and 5500 mg/L, and MBC values were 8500 and 8000 mg/L, respectively. The conducted organoleptic assay showed that the addition of 0.05 g of essential oil and 0.6 g of liquid smoke to 100 g of meat samples did not have adverse effect on the overall acceptance. Weaker antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus was observed when only Echinophora platyloba essential oil was used than when it was used in combination with liquid smoke.U radu je ispitan pojedinačni i zbirni učinak esencijalnog ulja biljke Echinophora platyloba i primarnog kondenzata dima na suzbijanje rasta bakterije Staphylococcus aureus u uzorcima goveđeg mesa. Pomoću automatskog sustava za detekciju mikrobiološkog rasta i turbidimetrije određene su minimalna inhibicijska koncentracija i minimalna baktericidna koncentracija esencijalnog ulja i primarnog kondenzata dima. Pojedinačni i zbirni antibakterijski učinak esencijalnog ulja i primarnog kondenzata dima ispitani su disk difuzijskom metodom, određivanjem generacijskog vremena i mjerenjem apsorbancije otpuštenog staničnog sadržaja bakterije Staphylococcus aureus. Osim toga, ispitana je interakcija između ta dva antimikrobna agensa mikrorazrjeđenjem u bujonu (tzv. checkerboard testom) i određivanjem indeksa interakcije. Minimalna inhibicijska koncentracija esencijalnog ulja bila je 7200 mg/L, a primarnog kondenzata dima 5500 mg/L, dok je minimalna baktericidna koncentracija esencijalnog ulja bila 8500 mg/L, a primarnog kondenzata dima 8000 mg/L. Ispitana su organoleptička svojstva uzoraka mesa i utvrđeno je da dodatak 0,05 g esencijalnog ulja i 0,6 g kondenzata dima u 100 g uzorka nije utjecao na prihvatljivost proizvoda. Esencijalno ulje biljke Echinophora platyloba imalo je slabiji učinak na suzbijanje rasta bakterije Staphylococcus aureus od kombinacije esencijalnog ulja i primarnog kondenzata dima

Response of vegetative and morphological characteristics of common mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC.) seedling, under different humidity and light factors

Light and moisture are two important environmental factors that influence seedling growth, therefore the choice of appropriate combinations of these factors is important for afforestation projects. This study aimed to determine the effects of different light and moisture combination treatments on some morphologic and vegetative characteristics of common mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC.).To this aim, seeds were first collected in consistent region and season. The study was performed as a factorial experiment in a complete randomized design 180 plots distributed in 10 replicates. Two irrigation levels (daily and every other day) and three irradiance levels (full sunlight, 75% and 50% sunlight) were performed in six treatments. Quantitative characteristics of seedlings were measured three times by random sampling (10 seedlings from each treatment). At each measurement time, results showed significant differences in majority of the measured characteristics amongst the six treatments. The best response of vegetative traits and seedling quality index were observed by combining full sunlight and two-day irrigation interval. However, different treatments did not affect shoot/root biomass ratio, yet led to significant differences in seedlings slenderness coefficient. Results also showed that the highest net assimilation rate was observed under full sunlight and daily irrigation treatment. Moreover, the highest relative growth rate was observed in full sunlight treatments. This study concludes that shade is a restricting factor for growthof Prosopis juliflora seedlings, thus they entail full sunlight

Propionic Acid: Method of Production, Current State and Perspectives

During the past years, there has been a growing interest in the bioproduction of propionic acid by Propionibacterium. One of the major limitations of the existing models lies in their low productivity yield. Hence, many strategies have been proposed in order to circumvent this obstacle. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis and review of important biotechnological aspects of propionic acid production as a common ingredient in food and biotechnology industries. We first discuss some of the most important production processes, mainly focusing on biological production. Then, we provide a summary of important propionic acid producers, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici, as well as a wide range of reported growth/production media. Furthermore, we describe bioprocess variables that can have impact on the production yield. Finally, we propose methods for the extraction and analysis of propionic acid and put forward strategies for overcoming the limitations of competitive microbial production from the economical point of view. Several factors influence the propionic acid concentration and productivity such as culture conditions, type and bioreactor scale; however, the pH value and temperature are the most important ones. Given that there are many reports about propionic acid production from glucose, whey permeate, glycerol, lactic acid, hemicelluloses, hydrolyzed corn meal, lactose, sugarcane molasses and enzymatically hydrolyzed whole wheat flour, only few review articles evaluate biotechnological aspects, i.e. bioprocess variables

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in honey: Global systematic review and meta-analysis and risk assessment

The papers were searched in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Embase, Science Direct until 21 September 2023 and meta-analysis of concentration of PTEs in honey was performed using random effects model based on country subgroups. The non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk were calculated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Cancer Risk (CR), respectively. The sort of PTEs in honey based on pooled concentration was Cu (1.10E + 02 µg/kg) > Ni (1.80E + 01 µg/kg) > Pb (2.60E + 00 µg/kg) > Hg (1.50E + 00 µg/kg) > Cd (5.10E–01 µg/kg) > As (4.80E–01 µg/kg). The concentration of PTEs in the countries of Ethiopia (As), Jordan (Cd and Pb), Thailand (Ni), Brazil (Cu and MeHg) was observed to be higher than other countries. The non-carcinogenic risk was less than 1, hence, the consumption of honey does not have non-carcinogenic risk. Except children in Nigeria, CR due to iAs in honey was acceptable for the both adults and children in the other countries, Therefore, the consumption of honey does not have carcinogenic risk.</p

The anti-staphylococcus aureus effect of combined echinophora platyloba essential oil and liquid smoke in beef

In the current study, the antibacterial effect of Echinophora platyloba essential oil and common liquid smoke (individually and in combination) against Staphylococcus aureus in beef meat samples is investigated. Using an automated microbiological growth analyser and the turbidimetric technique, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the essential oil and liquid smoke were determined. Anti-S. aureus activity of essential oil and liquid smoke (individually and in combination) was defined by disk diffusion assay, generation time and cell constituent release. Apart from that, the interactions between these two compounds were measured by the checkerboard assay and by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Related MIC values of essential oil and smoke were found to be 7200 and 5500 mg/L, and MBC values were 8500 and 8000 mg/L, respectively. The conducted organoleptic assay showed that the addition of 0.05 g of essential oil and 0.6 g of liquid smoke to 100 g of meat samples did not have adverse effect on the overall acceptance. Weaker antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus was observed when only Echinophora platyloba essential oil was used than when it was used in combination with liquid smoke551117124CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ324027 429

The Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Effect of Combined Echinophora platyloba Essential Oil and Liquid Smoke in Beef

In the current study, the antibacterial effect of Echinophora platyloba essential oil and common liquid smoke (individually and in combination) against Staphylococcus aureus in beef meat samples is investigated. Using an automated microbiological growth analyser and the turbidimetric technique, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the essential oil and liquid smoke were determined. Anti-S. aureus activity of essential oil and liquid smoke (individually and in combination) was defined by disk diffusion assay, generation time and cell constituent release. Apart from that, the interactions between these two compounds were measured by the checkerboard assay and by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Related MIC values of essential oil and smoke were found to be 7200 and 5500 mg/L, and MBC values were 8500 and 8000 mg/L, respectively. The conducted organoleptic assay showed that the addition of 0.05 g of essential oil and 0.6 g of liquid smoke to 100 g of meat samples did not have adverse effect on the overall acceptance. Weaker antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus was observed when only Echinophora platyloba essential oil was used than when it was used in combination with liquid smoke