Pengaruh Penambahan Starter Mikroba Serta Pemerasan Pulp Terhadap Kondisi Fermentasi Dan Mutu Biji Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan starter mikroba (Acetobacter aceti, Lactobacillus plantarum dan Saccharomyces cereviceae) serta pemerasan pulp terhadap fermentasi dan mutu biji kakao. Penelitian menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 3x5 dengan dua kali ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah fermentasi yaitu fermentasi biji kakao secara spontan (F1), Fermentasi biji kakao dengan penambahan A. aceti, L. plantarum dan S. cereviciae (F2), Fermentasi biji kakao dengan perlakuan pemerasan pulp serta penambahan A. aceti, L. plantarum dan S. cereviciae (F3). Sedangkan faktor kedua adalah lama fermentasi (H1, H2, H3, H4 dan H5). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan starter meningkatkan konsentrasi etanol pada saat fermentasi dan meningkatkan kadar asam asetat, tetapi menurunkan konsentrasi asam oksalat pada biji kakao. Penambahan starter disertai pemerasan pulp menghasilkan biji kakao dengan kadar asam asetat sebesar 0,47%, sedangkan biji kakao tanpa pemerasan kadar asam asetat 0,49%. Penambahan starter disertai pemerasan pulp menghasilkan mutu biji kakao terbaik dengan karakteristik sebagai berikut: skor nilai uji belah tertinggi (379 dari 400), mutu fisik (Golongan mutu A) serta memenuhi persyaratan mutu SNI 2008 No. 2323 tentang biji kakao dengan rasio jumlah per berat biji sebanyak 88 biji/100g; nilai pH 4,93; kadar asam asetat 0,47%, kadar lemak 34,90%, kadar air 4,47%, kadar serat kasar 3,66% dan kadar abu 4,82% dengan waktu fermentasi selama 5 hari.English Versio

Barbiturate-related hospitalisations, drug treatment episodes, and deaths in Australia, 2000‒2018

Objectives: To determine the characteristics and population rates of barbiturate-related hospitalisations, treatment episodes, and deaths in Australia, 2000–2018. Design, setting: Analysis of national data on barbiturate-related hospitalisations (National Hospital Morbidity Database, 1999‒2000 to 2017‒18), drug treatment episodes (Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Data Set, 2002–03 to 2017–18), and deaths (National Coronial Information System, 2000–01 to 2016–17). Main outcome measures: Population rates directly age-standardised to the 2001 Australian standard population; average annual percentage change (AAPC) in rates estimated by Joinpoint regression. Results: We identified 1250 barbiturate-related hospitalisations (791 cases of deliberate self-harm [63%]), 993 drug treatment episodes (195 cases with barbiturates as the principal drug of concern [20%]), and 511 deaths during the respective analysis periods. The barbiturate-related hospitalisation rate declined from 0.56 in 1999‒2000 to 0.14 per 100 000 population in 2017‒18 (AAPC, ‒6.0%; 95% CI, ‒7.2% to ‒4.8%); the declines in hospitalisations related to accidental poisoning (AAPC, ‒5.8%; 95% CI, ‒9.1% to ‒2.4%) and intentional self-harm (AAPC, ‒5.6%; 95% CI, ‒6.9% to ‒4.2%) were each statistically significant. Despite a drop from 0.67 in 2002‒03 to 0.23 per 100 000 in 2003–04, the drug treatment episode rate did not decline significantly (AAPC, ‒6.7%; 95% CI, ‒16% to +4.0%). The population rate of barbiturate-related deaths increased from 0.07 in 2000–01 to 0.19 per 100 000 population in 2016–17 (AAPC, +9.3%; 95% CI, +6.2–12%); the rate of intentional self-harm deaths increased (AAPC, +11%; 95% CI, +7.4–15%), but not that of accidental deaths (AAPC, ‒0.3%; 95% CI, ‒4.1% to +3.8%). Conclusions: While prescribing and community use of barbiturates has declined, the population rate of intentional self-harm using barbiturates has increased. The major harm associated with these drugs is now suicide

Static spherically symmetric three-form stars

We consider interior static and spherically symmetric solutions in a gravity theory that extends the standard Hilbert-Einstein action with a Lagrangian constructed from a three-form field $A_{\alpha \beta \gamma}$, which generates, via the field strength and a potential term, a new component in the total energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational system. We formulate the field equations in Schwarzschild coordinates and investigate their solutions numerically for different equations of state of neutron and quark matter, by assuming that the three field potential is either a constant or possesses a Higgs-like form. Moreover, stellar models, described by the stiff fluid, radiation-like, bag model and the Bose-Einstein condensate equations of state are explicitly obtained in both general relativity and three-form gravity, thus allowing an in-depth comparison between the astrophysical predictions of these two gravitational theories. As a general result we find that for all the considered equations of state, three-form field stars are more massive than their general relativistic counterparts. As a possible astrophysical application of the obtained results, we suggest that the 2.5$M_{\odot}$ mass compact object, associated with the GW190814 gravitational wave event, could be in fact a neutron or a quark star described by the three-form field gravity theory.Comment: 23 pages, 24 figures; minor modifications, accepted for publication in EPJ

Investigação experimental sobre composição, resistência mecânica e capacidade de auto-limpeza de argamassas fotocatalíticas

The self-cleaning ability of photocatalytic cement-based materials has the potential to preserve the esthetic appearance of building facades over time thus reducing cleaning costs. In the present work , the joint effect of several factors on the mechanical strength and self-cleaning ability of photocatalytic mortars was studied. For this purpose, four different mortar mixes containing two binder/sand ratios (1:3 and 1:4) were analyzed. Two mixes containing only Portland cement and the other two possessing 50% Portland cement and 50% aerial lime. For each mix, four different compositions were manufactured, each one with a different titanium dioxide-TiO2 content (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%). The results show that w/b increases with TiO2 which, in turn, leads to lower mechanical strength. Results also show that the mixes with 2% TiO2 had the highest self-cleaning effect.A capacidade de auto-limpeza de materiais cimentícios fotocatalíticos apresenta potencial para preservar a aparência estética das fachadas de edificios ao longo do tempo reduzindo dessa forma os custos de limpeza das mesmas. No presente trabalho estudou-se o efeito conjunto de vários factores na resistência mecãnica e na capacidade de auto-limpeza de argamassas fotocatalíticas. Para este objectivo analisaram-se quatro argamassas contendo dois rácios ligante/areia (1:3 e 1:4). Duas composições continham sómente cimento Portland e outras duas continham 50% de cimento Portland e 50% de cal aérea. Para cada uma destas composições produziram-se quatro misturas com uma percentagem variável de dióxido de titânio - TiO2 (0%, 2%, 4% e 6%). Os resultados mostram que o aumento da percentagem de TiO2 implica um aumento da razão água/ligante que se traduz em menor resistência mecânica. Os resultados mostram também que as argamassas com 2% de TiO2 apresentaram a maior capacidade de auto-limpeza.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Discussing surgical innovation with patients: A qualitative study of surgeons’ and governance representatives’ views

Objectives Little is known about how innovative surgical procedures are introduced and discussed with patients. This qualitative study aimed to explore perspectives on information provision and consent prior to innovative surgical procedures.Design Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.Participants 42 interviews were conducted (26 surgeons and 16 governance representatives).Setting Surgeons and governance representatives recruited from various surgical specialties and National Health Service (NHS) Trusts across England, UK.Results Participants stated that if a procedure was innovative, patients should be provided with additional information extending beyond that given during routine surgical consultations. However, difficulty defining innovation had implications for whether patients were informed about novel components of surgery and how the procedure was introduced (ie, as part of a research study, trust approval or in routine clinical practice). Furthermore, data suggest surgeons found it difficult to establish what information is essential and how much detail is sufficient, and governance surrounding written and verbal information provision differed between NHS Trusts. Generally, surgeons believed patients held a view that ‘new’ was best and reported that managing these expectations could be difficult, particularly if patient views aligned with their own.Conclusions This study highlights the challenges of information provision and obtaining informed consent in the context of innovative surgery, including establishing if and how a procedure is truly innovative, determining the key information to discuss with patients, ensuring information provision is objective and balanced, and managing patient expectations and preferences. This suggests that surgeons may require support and training to discuss novel procedures with patients. Further work should capture consultations where new procedures are discussed with patients and patients’ views of these information exchanges

Sociodemographic determinants of oral anticoagulant prescription in patients with atrial fibrillations: Findings from the PINNACLE registry using machine learning

Background: Current risk scores that are solely based on clinical factors have shown modest predictive ability for understanding of factors associated with gaps in real-world prescription of oral anticoagulation (OAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).Objective: In this study, we sought to identify the role of social and geographic determinants, beyond clinical factors associated with variation in OAC prescriptions using a large national registry of ambulatory patients with AF.Methods: Between January 2017 and June 2018, we identified patients with AF from the American College of Cardiology PINNACLE (Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence) Registry. We examined associations between patient and site-of-care factors and prescription of OAC across U.S. counties. Several machine learning (ML) methods were used to identify factors associated with OAC prescription.Results: Among 864,339 patients with AF, 586,560 (68%) were prescribed OAC. County OAC prescription rates ranged from 26.8% to 93%, with higher OAC use in the Western United States. Supervised ML analysis in predicting likelihood of OAC prescriptions and identified a rank order of patient features associated with OAC prescription. In the ML models, in addition to clinical factors, medication use (aspirin, antihypertensives, antiarrhythmic agents, lipid modifying agents), and age, household income, clinic size, and U.S. region were among the most important predictors of an OAC prescription.Conclusion: In a contemporary, national cohort of patients with AF underuse of OAC remains high, with notable geographic variation. Our results demonstrated the role of several important demographic and socioeconomic factors in underutilization of OAC in patients with AF

Static and Dynamic Disorder in Triple-Cation Hybrid Perovskites

A detailed understanding of the carrier dynamics and emission characteristics of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites is critical for their optoelectronic and energy harvesting applications. In this work, we reveal the impact of the crystal lattice disorder on the photo-generated electron-hole pairs through low-temperature photoluminescence measurements. We provide strong evidence that the intrinsic disorder forms a sub-bandgap tail density of states, which determines the emission properties at low temperature. The PL spectra indicate that the disorder evolves with increasing temperature, changing its character from static to dynamic. This change is accompanied by a rapid drop of the PL efficiency, originating from the increased mobility of excitons/polarons, which enables them to reach deep non-radiative recombination centers more easily

Entrepreneurs’ age, institutions, and social value creation goals: a multi-country study

This study explores the relationship between an entrepreneur's age and his/her social value creation goals. Building on the lifespan developmental psychology literature and institutional theory, we hypothesize a U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurs’ age and their choice to create social value through their ventures, such that younger and older entrepreneurs create more social value with their businesses while middle age entrepreneurs are relatively more economically and less socially oriented with their ventures. We further hypothesize that the quality of a country’s formal institutions in terms of economic, social, and political freedom steepen the U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurs’ age and their choice to pursue social value creation as supportive institutional environments allow entrepreneurs to follow their age-based preferences. We confirm our predictions using multilevel mixed-effects linear regressions on a sample of over 15,000 entrepreneurs (aged between 18 and 64 years) in 45 countries from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. The findings are robust to several alternative specifications. Based on our findings, we discuss implications for theory and practice, and we propose future research directions