Uso de antimicrobiano nanoparticulado para o tratamento da mastite subcl?nica de ovelhas de corte no per?odo seco.

A inflama??o da gl?ndula mam?ria ? uma das principais causas de preju?zo na ovinocultura. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as taxas de cura do tratamento da mastite subcl?nica ap?s infus?o intramam?ria de princ?pio ativo antimicrobiano no momento da secagem, em formula??es convencional e nanoparticulada. Os rebanhos estavam localizados em S?o Carlos, S?o Paulo, Brasil. Analisou-se um total de 584 gl?ndulas mam?rias de 307 ovelhas de aptid?o para produ??o de carne. Triagem pr?via dos casos subcl?nicos de mastite foi efetuada por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT) e/ou da contagem de c?lulas som?ticas (CCS). An?lises microbiol?gicas foram realizadas para confirma??o da etiologia infecciosa. As gl?ndulas mam?rias com mastite subcl?nica foram distribu?das em tr?s grupos: G1 (Controle; gl?ndulas mam?rias que n?o receberam tratamento antimicrobiano); G2 (gl?ndulas mam?rias em que foi administrado 100 mg de cloxacilina benzatina em estrutura convencional) e G3 (gl?ndulas mam?rias em que foi administrado 50 mg de cloxacilina benzatina em estrutura nanoencapsulada). O tratamento aplicado ao G3 mostrou-se mais eficiente (P=0,047) na cura de gl?ndulas mam?rias com mastite subcl?nica. O uso da cloxacilina nanoencapsulada no momento da secagem de ovelhas de corte auxilia no controle da mastite subcl?nica infecciosa e reduz os preju?zos consequentes.Inflammation of the mammary gland is one of the main causes of losses in sheep-rearing. This study aimed to investigate the cure rates from treating subclinical mastitis after intramammary infusion of active antimicrobial agents as conventional formulations or as nanoparticles, at the time when the ewes are being dried off. A total of 584 mammary glands in 307 ewes in meat-producing herds located in S?o Carlos, S?o Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed. Prescreening of subclinical mastitis cases was done using the California mastitis test (CMT) and/or the somatic cell count (SCC). Microbiological analyses were performed to confirm the infectious etiology. The mammary glands with subclinical mastitis were distributed into three groups: G1 (control; mammary glands that did not receive any antimicrobial treatment); G2 (mammary glands to which 100mg of benzathine cloxacillin in conventional form were administered); and G3 (mammary glands to which 50mg of benzathine cloxacillin in nanoparticulate form were administered). The treatment applied to G3 was more efficient (P=0.047) in curing mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Use of cloxacillin nanoparticles at the time when the ewes are being dried off helps to control infectious subclinical mastitis and reduces consequential losses among meat-producing herds

Mastite subclínica bovina por Staphylococcus aureus: qualidade e quantidade de leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e relação custo/benefício do tratamento durante a lactação

Estudou-se a influência da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus sobre a qualidade e a quantidade do leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e avaliou-se a relação custo/benefício do tratamento na lactação. Amostras de leite obtidas de vacas em duas fases de lactação, classificadas como Fase 1 e Fase 2, com animais até o final do segundo mês de lactação e do início do terceiro até o nono mês, respectivamente, foram submetidas a análises bacteriológicas, físico-químicas e citológicas. A mastite subclínica influenciou as variações (p<0,05) nas contagens de células somáticas, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado, teor de cloretos e soroproteínas em ambas as fases estudadas. Após o tratamento, as diferenças entre os quartos mamários tratados e os quartos que serviram como controle diminuíram para todas as características estudadas, com exceção da produção de leite, proteína total, proteína verdadeira e soroproteínas nas duas fases, e do teor de gordura e da caseína, em uma das fases. As taxas de cura das Fases 1 e 2 foram de 79,0% e 83,3% e as taxas de recuperação espontânea de 21,4% e 3,7%, respectivamente. Não houve aumento das receitas com a produção de leite após o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus durante a lactação.The influence of bovine subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus upon milk quality and quantity of treated and untreated quarters and the treatment cost/benefit relation were studied. Bacteriologyc, physical-chemical and cellular analysis of milk samples from two stages of lactation, classified as Stage 1 and Stage 2, from animals until the second month of lactation and from animals of the third lactation month until the ninth lactation month, respectively, were performed. Subclinical mastitis influenced variations (p < 0.05) in the somatic cells count, titratable acidity, density, non fat solids, chloride levels and soroproteins in both lactation stages. After treatment, variations between treated mammary quarters and healthy quarters were reduced for all characteristics, except for milk production, total protein, true protein and soroproteins, in both stages, and for fat contents and casein in the Stage 1. The cure in the stages 1 and 2 were 79.0% and 83.3%, respectively. Spontaneous recovery rates were 21.4% and 3.7% for stages 1 and 2, respectively. There was no increase of the incomes with the milk production after bovine subclinical mastitis treatment by S.aureus in the lactation.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Features of the diagnostic methods to identify the sheep subclinical mastitis in according to infectious etiology

Mastitis is an infection of the mammary gland mainly caused by bacteria. In sheep, besides it causes chemical and physical changes in milk with the loss in quality, mastitis changes the glandular tissue which may lead to premature cull-out from the herd. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic features of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to the identification of subclinical mastitis in sheep according to the micro-organisms isolated. The work is at an early stage and CMT was performed in all ewes. It was considered positive results all degrees of reaction, while the negative reaction was considered when there was not viscosity. Subsequently, samples were collected aseptically from milk and were sent for microbiological analysis. A total of 160 milk samples were analyzed from 85 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Embrapa Southeast Livestock in São Carlos, São Paulo. Samples were plated on sheep blood agar to 5% and incubated for 24h/72h at 35 ° C. In samples with growth, tests to the identification of the microorganisms were performed, macroscopic characteristics of the colonies and the production or absence of hemolysis, Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test with rabbit plasma and verification of acetoin production. The sensitivity of the diagnostic tests were determined in accordance to the ratio of the positive tests and the presence of the disease, while the specificities were calculated according to the ratio of the negative results and the absence of disease. The efficiency was based on the percentage of true results that the test was able to provide diagnosis. SCC in milk was determined using the somatic cell count Somacount 300 (Bentley) and the presence of the disease was given when isolated coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), coliforms and other microorganisms (Corinebacteria, strep and association of two bacteria in a same sample). It was used the limit value of 300 000 cells/ml of milk to the screening of the positive and negative samples. A total of 125 samples were negative in the microbiological examination, of which 102 were presented as CMT-negative and 23 were positive to the CMT. Among the positive samples for microbiological analyzes, 12 were negative to the CMT. Thirty-four samples were positive for mastitis after the SCC, from a total of 118. SCC showed greater sensitivity than the CMT for identifying cases of ovine mastitis to the most classes of micro-organisms (67.0% vs. 50.0% for CPS; 80.0% vs. 71.4 % for CNS; and 87.5% vs. 55.6% for other micro-organisms), except for coliforms (85.7% vs. 90.0%), probably by the least amount of results for SCC when compared to CMT. The CMT was more efficient in the diagnosis of mastitis for all classes of micro-organisms (80.0% vs. 79.9% for CPS, 82.0% vs. 71.5% for CNS, 82.2% vs. 72.0 % for coliforms, and 80.0% vs. 72.2% for other micro-organisms) due to greater specificity when compared with SCC (81.6% vs. 71.2%). It is concluded that the test SCC offered so far, better diagnostic sensitivity for detection of ovine mastitis for most micro-organisms, providing greater security for the screening of cases in the herd which, in the future, may facilitate the effectiveness of disease control measures

Características diagnósticas de métodos para identificação da mastite subclínica ovina de acordo com a etiologia infecciosa.

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Perfil epidemiológico de perdas reprodutivas em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros

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Características diagnósticas de métodos para identificação da mastite subclínica ovina de acordo com a etiologia infecciosa.

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português

Epidemiological profile of reproductive loss in dairy cattle

Several agents can be present in dairy cattle with a history of abortion as Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) and Brucella abortus. Some of these are considered transmitters cosmopolitan zoonosis of great economic impact and risk to human and animal health. The aim of this work was draw an epidemiological profile of reproductive losses and to determine the prevalence of antibodies against the main agents of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle. The study was conducted on a property in São Carlos city. For determination of reproductive failure, pre-existing data of abortion and stillbirths were analyzed from January 2006 to December 2011 on an average of 274 dairy cows of Holstein and crossbred Holstein-Jersey. On March 1, 2012 blood serum samples were collected of 142 breeding animals of ages above two years, in which 21.1% showed cases of abortions or stillbirths of at least one pregnancy. We used serologic tests of microscopic agglutination test, immunofluorescent antibody technique, serum neutralization technique, tamponated acidified antigen test for detection of anti-Leptospira spp and anti-Neospora caninum, anti-Bovine Herpesvirus Type-1 (BHV-1) and anti- Brucella abortus, respectively. The tests were performed at Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu and Jaboticabal campi and EMBRAPA Southeast Livestock. During the study period, it was observed an average monthly rate of 1.7 abortions and 0.7 stillbirths, with an incidence of 63.6% and 58.0% of the cases observed, respectively, between November and April, period of higher pluviometric precipitation in the region. Among the cases of abortions observed, 76.2% happened between the fourth and sixth month of pregnancy. The serological tests carried out showed that 15.5% of the animals had titers greater than or equal to 1:200 of anti-Neospora caninum. Among the animals with a history of abortions or stillbirths, 28.58% and 11.22%, respectively, were serum-reactive with these titles. Between animals positive to the test, the lowest title observed was 1:25, while the highest obtained was 1:400. Viral neutralization tests demonstrated that 26.8% of the animals had titers greater or equal to 1:256, and among the animals with a history of abortions or stillbirths, 38.1% and 55.56% were serum reactive in the range considered, respectively. Between positive animals for serum neutralization technique, the lower titers observed were 1:2, while the highest obtained was equal to or greater than 1:1024. Only 5.56% of the animals studied had titers equal to or greater than 1:200 in the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of Leptospira spp. Only a single animal with a history of abortion did not presented negative serology (title 1:100). No animal with a history of stillbirth was presented in the reagent test. The prevalent biovar in reactive animals was Pomona (40%), Hardjo (30%), Tarassovi (20%) and Wollfi (10%). There weren’t positive reactions to the tamponated acidified antigen test for diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. The study suggests the possibility of concurrent infections by other agents causing reproductive failure in dairy cattle

Comparação entre o Califórnia Mastitis Test e a contagem de células somáticas como métodos auxiliares para o diagnótico da mastite sub-clínica bovina por Staphylococcus aureus e Corynebacterium spp.

Foram estudadas as provas de California Mastitis Test (CMT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) como métodos auxiliares para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica bovina na identificação de quartos mamários doentes em que Staphylococcus aureus e microrganismos do grupo Corynebacterium foram isolados posteriormente. Tanto o CMT como a CCS apresentaram maior sensibilidade diagnóstica quando o S. aureus era o agente isolado das amostras de leite, quando comparado ao Corynebacterium (88,6% e 86,1% contra 49,1% e 59,1%, respectivamente). A eficiência diagnóstica de ambas as provas foi maior quando a mastite subclínica era causada por S. aureus, ao comparar-se este microrganismo com o isolamento de Corynebacterium (81,0% e 87,1% contra 60,5% e 76,7%, respectivamente). O CMT e a CCS demonstraram uma relação linear nos quartos mamários em que ocorreu o isolamento de S. aureus, não acontecendo o mesmo para os quartos mamários que apresentavam mastite subclínica por Corynebacterium spp

Comparação entre o Califórnia Mastitis Test e a contagem de células somáticas como métodos auxiliares para o diagnótico da mastite sub-clínica bovina por Staphylococcus aureus e Corynebacterium spp.

Foram estudadas as provas de California Mastitis Test (CMT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) como métodos auxiliares para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica bovina na identificação de quartos mamários doentes em que Staphylococcus aureus e microrganismos do grupo Corynebacterium foram isolados posteriormente. Tanto o CMT como a CCS apresentaram maior sensibilidade diagnóstica quando o S. aureus era o agente isolado das amostras de leite, quando comparado ao Corynebacterium (88,6% e 86,1% contra 49,1% e 59,1%, respectivamente). A eficiência diagnóstica de ambas as provas foi maior quando a mastite subclínica era causada por S. aureus, ao comparar-se este microrganismo com o isolamento de Corynebacterium (81,0% e 87,1% contra 60,5% e 76,7%, respectivamente). O CMT e a CCS demonstraram uma relação linear nos quartos mamários em que ocorreu o isolamento de S. aureus, não acontecendo o mesmo para os quartos mamários que apresentavam mastite subclínica por Corynebacterium spp