107 research outputs found
Approximate analysis and stability of pressure oscillations in ramjets
This paper summarizes work accomplished during the past five years on analysis of stability related to
recent experimental results on combustion instabilities in dump combustors. The primary purpose is to provide
the information in a form useful to those concerned with design and development of operational systems. Thus
most substantial details are omitted; the material is presented in a qualitative fashion
Fluid-crystal coexistence for proteins and inorganic nanocolloids: dependence on ionic strength
We investigate theoretically the fluid-crystal coexistence of solutions of
globular charged nanoparticles like proteins and inorganic colloids. The
thermodynamic properties of the fluid phase are computed via the optimized
Baxter model. This is done specifically for lysozyme and silicotungstates for
which the bare adhesion parameters are evaluated via the experimental second
virial coefficients. The electrostatic free energy of the crystal is
approximated by supposing the cavities in the interstitial phase between the
particles are spherical in form. In the salt-free case a Poisson-Boltzmann
equation is solved to calculate the effective charge on a particle and a Donnan
approximation is used to derive the chemical potential and osmotic pressure in
the presence of salt. The coexistence data of lysozyme and silicotungstates are
analyzed within this scheme, especially with regard to the ionic-strength
dependence of the chemical potentials. The latter agree within the two phases
provided some upward adjustment of the effective charge is allowed for.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure
Research on Mechanisms of Exciting Pressure Oscillations in Ramjet Engines
An analytical and experimental study is being made of the role of combustion in large vortical structures in the mechanism of unsteady and unstable burning in air-breathing engines. A large body of experimental evidence supports the contention that these periodic fluctuations are themselves generated by the nonsteady flow over the flame holders and other surfaces. The mechanism itself is relatively independent of the acoustic configuration of the
powerplant and its installation and hence constitutes the
fundamental element of the combustion instability process. Whether or not the mechanism is excited does, however, depend upon the detailed acoustic properties of the combustion chamber and its environment and in many circumstances it is apparent that non-linear
acoustics plays an essential role. As a consequence, the program includes detailed analytical studies of linear and non-linear acoustics in combustion configurations as a means of coupling the instability mechanism to a particular environment. The effective separation of the instability process into i) its mechanism and ii)
its environment is aimed at eventually providing means of rational scaling of laboratory size experiments
Characteristics of Cavity-Stabilized Flames in a Supersonic Flow
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77050/1/AIAA-15095-553.pd
Independent Ion Migration in Suspensions of Strongly Interacting Charged Colloidal Spheres
We report on sytematic measurements of the low frequency conductivity in
aequous supensions of highly charged colloidal spheres. System preparation in a
closed tubing system results in precisely controlled number densities between
1E16/m3 and 1E19/m^3 (packing fractions between 1E-7 and 1E-2) and electrolyte
concentrations between 1E-7 and 1E-3 mol/l. Due to long ranged Coulomb
repulsion some of the systems show a pronounced fluid or crystalline order.
Under deionized conditions we find s to depend linearily on the packing
fraction with no detectable influence of the phase transitions. Further at
constant packing fraction s increases sublinearily with increasing number of
dissociable surface groups N. As a function of c the conductivity shows
pronounced differences depending on the kind of electrolyte used. We propose a
simple yet powerful model based on independent migration of all species present
and additivity of the respective conductivity contributions. It takes account
of small ion macro-ion interactions in terms of an effectivly transported
charge. The model successfully describes our qualitatively complex experimental
observations. It further facilitates quantitative estimates of conductivity
over a wide range of particle and experimental parameters.Comment: 32 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables, Accepted by Physical Review
History of clinical transplantation
How transplantation came to be a clinical discipline can be pieced together by perusing two volumes of reminiscences collected by Paul I. Terasaki in 1991-1992 from many of the persons who were directly involved. One volume was devoted to the discovery of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), with particular reference to the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) that are widely used today for tissue matching.1 The other focused on milestones in the development of clinical transplantation.2 All the contributions described in both volumes can be traced back in one way or other to the demonstration in the mid-1940s by Peter Brian Medawar that the rejection of allografts is an immunological phenomenon.3,4 © 2008 Springer New York
History of clinical transplantation
The emergence of transplantation has seen the development of increasingly potent immunosuppressive agents, progressively better methods of tissue and organ preservation, refinements in histocompatibility matching, and numerous innovations is surgical techniques. Such efforts in combination ultimately made it possible to successfully engraft all of the organs and bone marrow cells in humans. At a more fundamental level, however, the transplantation enterprise hinged on two seminal turning points. The first was the recognition by Billingham, Brent, and Medawar in 1953 that it was possible to induce chimerism-associated neonatal tolerance deliberately. This discovery escalated over the next 15 years to the first successful bone marrow transplantations in humans in 1968. The second turning point was the demonstration during the early 1960s that canine and human organ allografts could self-induce tolerance with the aid of immunosuppression. By the end of 1962, however, it had been incorrectly concluded that turning points one and two involved different immune mechanisms. The error was not corrected until well into the 1990s. In this historical account, the vast literature that sprang up during the intervening 30 years has been summarized. Although admirably documenting empiric progress in clinical transplantation, its failure to explain organ allograft acceptance predestined organ recipients to lifetime immunosuppression and precluded fundamental changes in the treatment policies. After it was discovered in 1992 that long-surviving organ transplant recipient had persistent microchimerism, it was possible to see the mechanistic commonality of organ and bone marrow transplantation. A clarifying central principle of immunology could then be synthesized with which to guide efforts to induce tolerance systematically to human tissues and perhaps ultimately to xenografts
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