Prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and factors related to maternal-fetal attachment in Zanjan, 2017

Background: Despite the progress of family planning programs, a significant proportion of pregnancies are still unplanned which threatens the different dimensions of community health. Unplanned pregnancy affects parent's-child association. Maternal-fetal attachment provides a model for the child's mental-social function at present and in the future. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and related factors of maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women referring to Zanjan health centers in 2017. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was part of a clinical trial that was performed on 184 pregnant women who referred to health centers for routine prenatal care from October to February 2017 in Zanjan, Iran. Using multi-stage sampling method, health centers of Zanjan were divided into three categories based on social and economic situation. Then, from each category, three centers were selected, randomly. The inclusion criteria comprised being pregnant, satisfaction to participate in the study, have at least reading and writing skills, lack of the history of obstetric complications, psychological disease and medicine use, lack of known psychological disease, lack of narcotic substances abuse, and living in Zanjan City. Data collection tool included demographic checklists and maternal-fetal attachment questionnaire, which completed in self-report method. The data of this study were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests by SPSS v.16 software. Results: Among the participants 58.2% of women had planned pregnancy, 36.4% had unplanned pregnancy, and 5.4% had unwanted pregnancy. Maternal-fetal attachment scores were significantly higher in the planned pregnancy group 84(75-93) than the unplanned pregnancy group 57(54-60) and unwanted pregnancy group 56(48-64) (P˂0.001). The highest sub-scale in the planned pregnancy group was related to the attributing characteristics and intentions. Also, the most subscale in unplanned and unwanted pregnancies related to giving of self. There was a significant relationship between age, education, socioeconomic level, number of pregnancies, number of children and contraceptive method with type of pregnancy (P˂0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it seems that reduction in unplanned pregnancy will enhance the maternal-fetal attachment and will improve the mother role and social-psychological health of the chil

Relationship between social support with anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnant women attending to health care centers in Zanjan-Iran in 2015-2016

Background: Pregnancy is associated with many emotional, physical, and social changes in women’s lives which may have an effect on the outcomes of pregnancy, so identifying moderating factors such as social support may have a preventing role on unintended outcomes of pregnancy. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between social support with anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnant women. Methods: In this correlational study 249 pregnant women attending to health care centers in Zanjan-Iran, during 2015-2016 were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Data was collected using three questionnaires including demographic characteristics, Wax social support (social support ftom family, friends, and others) and DASS-21 scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software version 16. Results: The average age of the participants were 27.57±5.56 years. The average of total perceived social support of pregnant women was 77.42±10.66, among which the most perceived social support was from the family (29.04%). Data analyses revealed weak negative and significant relationship between total social support and depression (r=-0.17) and stress (-0.13), as well as between social support from others and depression (r=-0.14) in pregnant women (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although, in this study pregnant women received the most social support from the family, only a weak relationship was found between the total score of social support and social support by others with depression and stress. Therefore, it is recommended that more research be done on the type of social support of Azari pregnant wome

The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Emotional Wellbeing and Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention on emotion regulation and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods. Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited for this randomized controlled trial from an outpatient clinic at Imam Hospital in Iran. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions of MBSR, and the control group continued the treatment as usual. Fasting blood sugar and HbA1c were measured as two indices of glycemic control. Overall mental health, depression, and anxiety were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), respectively. All the assessments were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks and 3 months as follow-up. Results. In comparison with the control group, the MBSR intervention group showed a significant reduction on all outcome measures including FBS, HbA1C, HARS, and HDRS scores (p<0/05). Conclusion. MBSR had a remarkable improvement on emotional wellbeing and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes