Majoritary triterpenic compounds in some angiosperms of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state

Five species of angiosperms collected in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul was evaluated due to their pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to extract and characterize the triterpenic content of angiosperm species. The extracts were obtained by ultrasonic extraction using chloroform as solvent. Identification and quantification were performed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV).  The presence of arjunic acid, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, uvaol, lupeol, β-amirin, α-amirin, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol was observed. All species presented β-sitosterol. Polygala pulchella presented the greatest diversity of triterpenic compounds, while Ruellia angustiflora and Moquiniastrum mollissimum the least. Paspalum rawitscheri and Hesperozygis ringens presented the same constituents, differing from each other only quantitatively. Therefore, an overview of the triterpene constitution in species of the central region of the state of  RS is presented, along with a review on the pharmacological properties of the investigated compounds. The results obtained in this work are relevant since they stablish an overview of the chemical constitution of the extracts whose biology is still little known. The pharmacological potential of the species can be attributed the identified triterpenic constituents thus supporting the use for medicinal purposes.Cinco espécies de angiospermas coletadas na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul foram avaliadas tendo em vista às suas propriedades farmacológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi extrair e caracterizar o conteúdo triterpênico de espécies de angiospermas. Os extratos foram obtidos por extração ultrasônica usando clorofórmio como solvente. A identificação e quantificação foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção UV (HPLC-UV). Foi verificado a presença de ácido arjunic, ácido maslínico, ácido oleanólico, eritrodiol, uvaol, lupeol, β-amirina, α-amirina, estigmasterol e β-sitosterol. Todas as espécies apresentaram β-sitosterol. Polygala pulchella apresentou a maior diversidade de compostos triterpênicos, enquanto Ruellia angustiflora e Moquiniastrum mollissimum o mínimo. Paspalum rawitscheri e Hesperozygis ringens apresentaram os mesmos constituintes, diferindo entre si apenas quantitativamente. Portanto, é apresentada uma visão geral da constituição dos triterpenos em espécies da região central do RS, juntamente com uma revisão das propriedades farmacológicas dos compostos investigados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são relevantes, pois estabelecem uma visão geral da constituição química dos extratos cuja biologia ainda é pouco conhecida. O potencial farmacológico da espécie pode ser atribuído aos constituintes triterpênicos identificados, apoiando assim o uso para fins medicinais

Combination of Autohemotherapy and Vincristine Sulfate in Treatment of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Bitches in Mozambique

Background: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a tumor of round cells. Vincristine sulfate is the most effective for TVT. Alternatively, hemotherapy is an alternative therapy that consists of the administration of autologous blood and the positive effects are associated with an immunomodulatory effect. Since chemotherapy has some collateral effects, it is necessary to study another treatment with minimal side effects. In this context, this report case aimed to describe the use of autohemotherapy associated with vincristine sulfate for treating a transmissible venereal tumor in the vulvar mucosa of 7 adult bitches, being the first case report in Mozambique, Africa.Case: Seven adult bitches, median size, were referred to the School Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa, with a diagnosis of TVT in the vulvar mucosa. All bitches were treated weekly with autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate for 21 days. The parameters assessed included clinical and TVT macroscopic examination, complete blood count, serum biochemical examination and urinalysis, and were evaluated 60-min before each treatment. No clinical side effects were identified during the treatments. Color, appearance and tumor size were changed during the treatment period, and all bitches showed complete remission of the tumor 21 days after the beginning of treatment or after the third therapeutic session. The values of the complete blood count, serum biochemical and urinalysis did not demonstrate significant variations throughout the evaluated time-points. The TVT cytopathological classification was lymphocytic (42.9 %), plasmacytic (28.6 %) and lymphoplasmacytic (28.6 %). Discussion: The aims of this report were to describe the combination of autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate for treating the transmissible venereal tumor located in the vulvar mucosa of adult bitches, through clinical and laboratory evaluation, and was not identified side and significant hematological changes. The novelty of this case report was associated with the use of adult bitches with TVT in the vulvar mucosa. Other authors conducted a similar study however with male dog with TVT identified at the base of the penis. The complete remission of the tumor after 3 applications and the absence of side effects showed the effectiveness of this treatment compared with use of chemotherapy without autohemotherapy. In contrast, dogs diagnosed with TVT and treated with vincristine sulfate showed complete remission after 4 treatment sessions However, the use of autohemotherapy alone for treating extragenital TVT in bitches did not induce complete remission after 6 weekly treatments. Doses and administration of autologous blood and vincristine sulfate were in accordance with the recommendations of the literature, and were determined according to body mass. Other routes of administration through the cephalic vein were also used and showed complete remission after 4 treatments. The decrease in size tumor associated with the changes in appearance and color was associated with regression of the TVT. The connective tissue isolating groups of cells identified in the literature were not confirmed in this report, probably due to the phase of the progression of the tumor. The highest percentage of animals with lymphocytoid TVT was different from the literature, which referred to the predominance of the plasmacytoid pattern. The combination of autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate every 7 days encouraged complete remission of TVT in the vulvar mucosa of adult median size bitches after 3 sessions

ANÁLISE FITOQUÍMICA DAS FOLHAS DE VITEX MEGAPOTAMICA (SPRENGEL) MOLDENKE

A espécie Vitex megapotamica (Sprengel) Moldenke, usualmente conhecida como tarumã, pertence à família Verbenaceae a qual compreende cerca de 100 gêneros distribuídos nas regiões tropicais de todo o mundo. Esta espécie tem sido usada na medicina tradicional principalmente para hemorróidas, depurativa do sangue, hipertensão arterial, antiinflamatória, dentre outras. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a realização da triagem farmacognóstica de extratos de Vitex megapotamica. Os resultados da análise fitoquímica indicaram a presença de heterosídeos antociânicos, fenóis e taninos, catequinas, flavonóis, flavanonas, flavanonóis e xantonas, esteroides e triterpenoides (esteroides livres), heterosídeos cardioativos, fenóis com posição orto e meta livres, fenóis com a posição para livre, cumarinas, ácidos orgânicos e fenóis

Manejo do paciente epiléptico canino no Intensivismo: revisão de literatura / Management of canine epileptic patients in intensive care: literature review

A epilepsia é uma afecção neurológica em que o paciente apresenta convulsões de diferentes intensidades. A fisiopatogenia é complexa e está associada à descarga elétrica cerebral desordenada que pode acometer diferentes regiões do cérebro, comprometimento a consciência; as funções motoras, mentais e sensoriais. Visto que as intensidades das convulsões em um cão com epilepsia são variáveis, e podendo ser necessário o seu internamento, objetivou-se realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o manejo do paciente epiléptico canino no intensivismo, por meio de pesquisas qualitativas e descritivas bibliográficas nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Embase Scielo e Google Schoolar. Concluiu-se que as convulsões de origem epiléptica no paciente canino estão associadas aos distúrbios neurológicos, e o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce é necessário para que o prognóstico seja favorável. Paralelamente, cães com crises convulsivas intensas e recorrentes devem ser internados e monitorados devido aos distúrbios metabólicos que podem induzir a isquemia cerebral e morte neural, e assim causar danos cerebrais irreversíveis ou óbito

Aplicabilidade da vídeo neurocirurgia no tratamento da Mielopatia compressiva por Hérnia discal em cães e gatos: revisão bibliográfica: Applicability of video neurosurgery in the treatment of compressive Myelopathy caused by Herniated discs in dogs and cats: literature review

A doença do disco intervertebral (DDIV) é classificada em tipo I e tipo II, sendo o primeiro relacionado à extrusão do material discal, e a segundo à protrusão. As extrusões de disco na região cervical são as mais comuns na Medicina Veterinária. O tratamento cirúrgico para mielopatias cervicais compressivas por hérnia de disco é realizado principalmente por meio da técnica cirúrgica de slot cervical ventral. Contudo, estudos vêm demonstrando a aplicabilidade da cirurgia guiada por vídeo para o tratamento cirúrgico dessas mielopatias, tendo como vantagens, quando comparados às técnicas tradicionais, menor tempo cirúrgico, maior visualização das estruturas devido a magnificação da imagem e menor janela de acesso à medula espinhal. Porém, a técnica possui desvantagens que incluem o custo e a longa curva de aprendizado. Visto que a vídeo neurocirurgia possui vantagens expressivas quando comparadas à técnica cirúrgica de slot cervical ventral no tratamento da mielopatia compressiva por hérnia de disco em cães, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso da vídeo neurocirurgia no tratamento da DDIV em cães e gatos, atualizando sobre a sua aplicabilidade e importância na área da Medicina Veterinária. A vídeo neurocirurgia possui campo para que seja usada em mielopatias compressiva por hérnia discal em cães, permitindo a realização de procedimentos delicados e minimalistas, em menor tempo cirúrgico e melhor visualização das estruturas anatômicas locais. Por ser considerado um procedimento minimamente invasivo, o pós-operatório induz menor dor e recuperação mais rápida do paciente neurológico

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE POLIFENÓIS NAS RAIZES DE URERA BACCIFERA GAUDICH (URTICACEAE)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi quantificar polifenóis nas raízes de Urera baccifera. As raízes da planta foram coletadas no município de São Francisco de Assis (RS) em Maio de 2010. O extrato bruto foi obtido através de maceração com etanol (70%). Após a eliminação do etanol, o extrato foi fracionado com clorofórmio, acetato de etilae n-butanol e levados a secura. As amostras foram testadas frente ao reagente de Folin Ciocalteau 2N, segundoChandra e Mejia (2004). Para quantificação utilizou-se uma curva com o padrão ácido gálico e os resutados foramexpressos em mg de planta/g de equivalentes de ácido gálico, sendo eles: extrato bruto:29,76 mg/g EAG; fraçãoclorofórmio: 46,59 mg/g EAG; fração acetato de etila: 35,54 mg/g EAG e fração n-butanol: 24,71mg/g EAG. Esses resultados indicaram uma boa concentração de polifenóis na planta, o que indica que esta é promissora para mais estudos que aprofundem os conhecimentos sobre ela

DOSEAMENTO DE FLAVONÓIDES NOS RAMOS DE TABERNAEMONTANA CATHARINENSIS A. DC.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar o doseamento de flavonóides do extrato bruto e frações dos ramos de Tabernaemontana catharinensis. Os ramos da planta foram coletadas no município de São miguel (RS) em Janeiro de 2009. O extrato aquoso foi obtido através de maceração com etanol (70%). Após foi eliminado o etanol, o extrato aquoso foi fracionado com solventes: clorofórmio, acetato de etila e n-butanol e levados a secura. O dosemaneto de flavonóides foi realizado segundo o método de Woisky e Salatino (1998) com pequenas modificações, o qual utiliza o reagente AlCl 2% leitura em 420 nm. O resultados mostraram que a fração clorofórmica seguida das frações acetato de etila e butanólica obtiveram maior teor de flavonóides. Esta espécie é promissora para novos estudos que comprovem sua atividade antioxidante e sua ação terapêutica

Necrotic Wound Caused by Jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a Dog - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBTO)

Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the most common in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen under high pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports regarding to use the HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical case aimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necrotic wound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (single sessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinical evaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identified leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the complete epithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Three months after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the wound was completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing was achieved after 12 sessions, similar to the literature, which reported a ranging from 1 to 12 sessions. The HBOT protocol used in this case was similar as reported for human patients with chronic wounds due to the lack of HBOT protocols for animals. No reports regarding the use of HBOT for treat necrotic wound caused by snakebite was described in the literature, and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report in Brazil describing the use of HBOT in dogs. On the other hand, dogs with surgically induced skin wounds and treated with daily session of HBOT using the treatment protocol of 1.7 ATM (30 min) and 2.0 ATM (40 min) up to 7th day of treatment did not show significant results on healing [9]. This fact was associated with the HBOT achievement in the proliferative and remodeling phases of the healing process. The high intensity of HBOT was between the 5th and 10th session since the wound showed a higher area decrease rate and consequently increase of wound contraction. This period was corresponding to the 10th and 20th day of the healing process, which can be identified angiogenic activity, re-epithelialization, and collagen maturation. The decrease in PVC has been associated with the anticoagulant and/or hemorrhagic activity caused by the venom, and leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia was related with possible bone marrow exhaustion. Single sessions of HBOT (1.5 ATM, 45 min, and repeat each 48 h, up to 12 session) induces healing of necrotic wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog without any side effects.Keywords: dog, healing, hyperbaric chamber, skin wound, snake