Testis-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: origin and evolution

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) catalyses one of the glycolytic reactions and is also involved in a number of non-glycolytic processes, such as endocytosis, DNA excision repair, and induction of apoptosis. Mammals are known to possess two homologous GAPD isoenzymes: GAPD-1, a well-studied protein found in all somatic cells, and GAPD-2, which is expressed solely in testis. GAPD-2 supplies energy required for the movement of spermatozoa and is tightly bound to the sperm tail cytoskeleton by the additional N-terminal proline-rich domain absent in GAPD-1. In this study we investigate the evolutionary history of GAPD and gain some insights into specialization of GAPD-2 as a testis-specific protein.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A dataset of GAPD sequences was assembled from public databases and used for phylogeny reconstruction by means of the Bayesian method. Since resolution in some clades of the obtained tree was too low, syntenic analysis was carried out to define the evolutionary history of GAPD more precisely. The performed selection tests showed that selective pressure varies across lineages and isoenzymes, as well as across different regions of the same sequences.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The obtained results suggest that GAPD-1 and GAPD-2 emerged after duplication during the early evolution of chordates. GAPD-2 was subsequently lost by most lineages except lizards, mammals, as well as cartilaginous and bony fishes. In reptilians and mammals, GAPD-2 specialized to a testis-specific protein and acquired the novel N-terminal proline-rich domain anchoring the protein in the sperm tail cytoskeleton. This domain is likely to have originated by exonization of a microsatellite genomic region. Recognition of the proline-rich domain by cytoskeletal proteins seems to be unspecific. Besides testis, GAPD-2 of lizards was also found in some regenerating tissues, but it lacks the proline-rich domain due to tissue-specific alternative splicing.</p

Oxidative metabolism of polymorph nuclear leucocytes and cardiovascular metabolic syndrome development in males

In 214 males with arterial hypertension (AH), divided into groups according to metabolic disorder quantity, and 45 healthy males, oxidative metabolism of polymorph nuclear leukocytes (OMPL) was assessed by chemiluminescent (CL) method. The possible association between parameters obtained and insulin-glucose parameters was investigated. Metabolic syndrome clustering was associated with non-linear OMPL progression. Stages of leukocyte functional status change were identified and described. Correlations between insulin-glucose parameters and CL indices varied according to metabolic disorders' severity in AH patients. The results support initial, pro-oxidant role of hyperinsulinemia, realized via OMPL increase at early stages of metabolic syndrome development in males

CAUSES OF SYNCOPAL CONDITIONS IN YOUNG SUBJECTS

112 patients were studied to evaluate the incidence of syncopal conditions caused by impaired cardiovascular regulation in young subjects. Complex evaluation has found hyperventilation syndrome to be the reason for syncopal conditions in 8.9 %, vasopressor syncopal conditions in 13.4 %, reflex in 16.1 %, postural hypertension in 13.4 %, «hypersensitive» carotid sinus syndrome in 5. 4 %; whereas the cause of syncopal conditions remained undetermined in 42.8 % patients

METABOLIC STATUS IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN SUFFERING FROM CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

There were showed that young and middle-aged women suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD) have metabolic disturbances including hypercholesterolemia in 44,8 %, hypo-alfa-cholesterolemia in 16,8 %, hypertriglyceridemia in 76,7 %, glucose intolerance in 8 % and diabetes mellitus in 5,4 % of events. 79 % of patients have excess of body weight and «androgenous» type of obesity. Hypertensive women with normal body weight have hyperinsilinemia confirmed by C-peptide meanings at 3-min and 60-min intervals of glucose tolerance test. Basal hyperinsulinemia (13 mkU. /mL) directly correlated to body mass index and waist circumference that confirmed the presence of insulin resistance in examined women

Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. look at the woman

The review reflects the role as a «classic» risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women: obesity, age, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, menopause, smoking, dyslipidemia and «new», also noteworthy clinicians and require further study in gender perspective to determine their role in the genesis of the «female» CHD, including socio-psychological status of patients, changes in the level of sex steroids: estrogen and testosterone

Levels of marker lysosomal hydrolases in men of different age with ischemic heart disease through levels of sex steroids

Objective: To evaluate the serum concentrations of the three markers of lysosomal hydrolases (cathepsin D, acid phosphatase (AP) and acid DNAse (aDNAase) in men with coronary heart disease (CHD), depending on the levels of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and age, examine their association with anthropometric, insulin-glucose parameters of lipid and non-lipid biomarkers of atherosclerosis. The study included 161 women aged 35–65 years, myocardial infarction (MI) is not less than 30 days before the survey. The median age was 53.1 years (25 % 75 % percentage: 40.1 and 59.4 years). The patients were divided into age groups: 35–55 years and 56–65 years (first and second groups, respectively), as well as in groups by levels of sex hormones: T> and ≤ 12 nmol / l and ≥ E2 and <0.194 nmol / l at twofold determination. The results of a comparative analysis and correlation in males 35-55 years of normal T and E2 levels were associated with higher serum concentrations of lysosomal enzymes than those with androdefitsitom and giperestrogeniey and at an older age, on the contrary, androdefitsit and hyperestrogenia lysosomal enzymes accompanied labilization of lysosomal enzymes. In men, CHD patients first age group according to the multivariate analysis three studied lysosomal enzyme inversely dependent on E2 (p < 0.001) and a number of pro-atherogenic parameters including total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), hip circumference (ON), body mass index (BMI), interleukin (IL) -1β (p < 0.001–0.01), and in 56–65 years a direct impact on the levels of sex steroids lysosomal hydrolases missing, cathepsin D and EC is directly determined by the lipid, non-lipid markers of atherogenesis (TG, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), malondialdehyde (MDA-30), waist circumference (WC), the index of HOMA-R, p < 0.001–0.05) and back high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p < 0.001). Acid DNase in both age groups dependent on the parameters involved in the insulin-glucose homeostasis (BMI, ON, TG, index HOMA-R, p < 0.001–0.05), which may reflect a key role in endonuclease accelerated catabolism activatable for various violations of carbohydrate metabolism, up to programmed cell death. Such dynamics of the three markers of lysosomal enzymes demonstrates the different contributions to the development of lysosomal cytotoxicity of CHD in men in the age groups 35–55 and 56–65 years