27 research outputs found
Genetic and Functional Dissection of HTRA1 and LOC387715 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
A common haplotype on 10q26 influences the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and encompasses two genes, LOC387715 and HTRA1. Recent data have suggested that loss of LOC387715, mediated by an insertion/deletion (in/del) that destabilizes its message, is causally related with the disorder. Here we show that loss of LOC387715 is insufficient to explain AMD susceptibility, since a nonsense mutation (R38X) in this gene that leads to loss of its message resides in a protective haplotype. At the same time, the common disease haplotype tagged by the in/del and rs11200638 has an effect on the transcriptional upregulation of the adjacent gene, HTRA1. These data implicate increased HTRA1 expression in the pathogenesis of AMD and highlight the importance of exploring multiple functional consequences of alleles in haplotypes that confer susceptibility to complex traits
Design considerations of series type hybrid circuit breaker (SâHCB)
Abstract The seriesâtype direct current (DC) hybrid circuit breaker (SâHCB) concept was previously reported to offer better performance than solidâstate circuit breakers (SSCB) and hybrid circuit breakers (HCB). SâHCB offers low conduction power loss like an HCB and ÎŒsâscale interruption time, which is even faster than an SSCB. It uses a pulse transformer to isolate the lowerâvoltage highâinductance power electronic circuit from the highâvoltage, lowâinductance main power loop. This paper provides analysis of the impact of the SâHCB circuit components on the overall system performance and a scalable SâHCB design guide for different DC system voltage and current ratings. In addition, system energy flow analysis is performed in the time domain to provide an understanding of how energy is delivered, dissipated, and released throughout the entire fault interruption process. The SâHCB prototype was experimentally tested at 3Â kV/30Â A and 6Â kV/150A with the results showing the interruption of the low fault current of 30Â A and the high fault current of 150Â A within 8Â ÎŒs and maintaining the fault current at a near zero value for 300ÎŒs to enable an arcless opening of a series mechanical switch. The key design challenges of SâHCB at high voltage and high current ratings were discussed and possible solutions to mitigate those challenges were introduced