Fully Gapped Single-Particle Excitations in the Lightly Doped Cuprates

The low-energy excitations of the lightly doped cuprates were studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. A finite gap was measured over the entire Brillouin zone, including along the d_{x^2 - y^2} nodal line. This effect was observed to be generic to the normal states of numerous cuprates, including hole-doped La_{2-x}Sr_{x}CuO_{4} and Ca_{2-x}Na_{x}CuO_{2}Cl_{2} and electron-doped Nd_{2-x}Ce_{x}CuO_{4}. In all compounds, the gap appears to close with increasing carrier doping. We consider various scenarios to explain our results, including the possible effects of chemical disorder, electronic inhomogeneity, and a competing phase.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev.

Involvement of the Melanocortin-1 Receptor in Acute Pain and Pain of Inflammatory but Not Neuropathic Origin

Response to painful stimuli is susceptible to genetic variation. Numerous loci have been identified which contribute to this variation, one of which, MC1R, is better known as a gene involved in mammalian hair colour. MC1R is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in melanocytes and elsewhere and mice lacking MC1R have yellow hair, whilst humans with variant MC1R protein have red hair. Previous work has found differences in acute pain perception, and response to analgesia in mice and humans with mutations or variants in MC1R.We have tested responses to noxious and non-noxious stimuli in mutant mice which lack MC1R, or which overexpress an endogenous antagonist of the receptor, as well as controls. We have also examined the response of these mice to inflammatory pain, assessing the hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with persistent inflammation, and their response to neuropathic pain. Finally we tested by a paired preference paradigm their aversion to oral administration of capsaicin, which activates the noxious heat receptor TRPV1. Female mice lacking MC1R showed increased tolerance to noxious heat and no alteration in their response to non-noxious mechanical stimuli. MC1R mutant females, and females overexpressing the endogenous MC1R antagonist, agouti signalling protein, had a reduced formalin-induced inflammatory pain response, and a delayed development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. In addition they had a decreased aversion to capsaicin at moderate concentrations. Male mutant mice showed no difference from their respective controls. Mice of either sex did not show any effect of mutant genotype on neuropathic pain.We demonstrate a sex-specific role for MC1R in acute noxious thermal responses and pain of inflammatory origin

Analysis of changes in the number of public transport’s passengers in Cracow in the years 2004–2014

Znajomość liczby przewożonych pasażerów w miejskim transporcie zbiorowym jest ważna z punktu widzenia właściwego planowania dostosowania podaży do popytu. Artykuł ma na celu ocenę zmian w liczbie przewożonych pasażerów w transporcie zbiorowym w Krakowie w latach 2004–2014, w związku z pracami przygotowawczymi do podjęcia decyzji o budowie pierwszej linii metra. Liczbę przewożonych pasażerów szacowano trzema metodami: metodą GUS, metodą badania struktury biletów wykorzystywanych przez pasażerów i metodą zliczania rzeczywistej liczby pasażerów korzystających z pojazdów transportu publicznego w reprezentatywnych dniach. Treść artykułu uzupełniono o charakterystykę przewozów na podstawie badań rzeczywistej liczby przewożonych pasażerów w 2014 roku (nierównomierności przewozów sobota – dzień roboczy, niedziela – dzień roboczy oraz nierównomierności przewozów w dobie). Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że w roku 2014 przewieziono na terenie Krakowa 351 milionów pasażerów, co oznacza wzrost o około 16% w stosunku do roku 2004 (metoda badań struktury wykorzystywanych biletów) lub 5% (metoda pomiarów rzeczywistych). Są to wielkości pokazujące na potrzebę poszukiwania wydajniejszych środków transportu. Na koniec, dysponując szczegółowymi wynikami badań liczby wsiadających pasażerów na wszystkich przystankach miasta, zsumowano ich liczbę na wszystkich obecnych przystankach wzdłuż planowanej pierwszej linii metra, pokazując potencjalną liczbę pasażerów metra.Knowledge of the number of urban public transport’s passengers is significant in the reference to the planning of proper adjustment supply to the demand. The article is to evaluate the change in the number of public transport ‘s passengers in Cracow from 2004 to 2014 in connection with preparatory works before decision on the implementation of the first line of subway. The number of conveyed passengers has been assessed with three methods: the GUS method; method of research on the structure of purchased tickets and method of calculating of the number of passengers travelling by public transport in selected days. The article has been completed with characteristics of travels on the basis of researches on real number of transported passengers in 2014 (inequality of transport Saturday-working day, Sunday-working day, inequality of travels in twenty four hours). The analysis results with the information that 351 million of passengers were transported in Cracow in 2014 which is 16% increase comparing to 2004 (method of research on the structure of purchased tickets) or 5% (method of real measurement). Those numbers show the need to search for more effective transport means. Finally, having received detailed results of the research on the number of subway’s passengers (getting on at all stations of the planned 1st subway- ’s line) the prospective number of subway’s passengers has been presented

Exploitation of bus network stops in Kraków

Charakterystyka sieci komunikacji autobusowej. Dostępność przestrzenna i demograficzna sieci autobusowej. Liczba pasażerów wsiadających i wysiadających na przystankach. Charakterystyka przystanku o największej liczbie obsługiwanych pasażerów - Nowy Kleparz.Characteristics of bus network system. Spatial and demographic accessibility of bus network. Number of passengers getting on and off on the tram stops. Characteristics of the stop of the highest number of passengers - Nowy Kleparz