China Energy Databook. Revision 4

The Energy Analysis Program at LBL first became involved in Chinese energy issues through a joint China-US symposium on markets and energy demand held in Nanjing Nov. 1988. EAP began to collaborate on projects with the Energy Research Institute of China`s State Planning Commission. It was decided to compile, assess, and organize Chinese energy data. Primary interest was to use the data to help understand the historical evolution and likely future of the Chinese energy system; thus the primary criterion was to relate the data to the structure of energy supply and demand in the past and to indicate probable developments (eg, as indicated by patterns of investment). Caveats are included in forewords to both the 1992 and 1996 editions. A chapter on energy prices is included in the 1996 edition. 1993 energy consumption data are not included since there was a major disruption in energy statistical collection in China that year

China Energy Databook. Revision 4

The Energy Analysis Program at LBL first became involved in Chinese energy issues through a joint China-US symposium on markets and energy demand held in Nanjing Nov. 1988. EAP began to collaborate on projects with the Energy Research Institute of China`s State Planning Commission. It was decided to compile, assess, and organize Chinese energy data. Primary interest was to use the data to help understand the historical evolution and likely future of the Chinese energy system; thus the primary criterion was to relate the data to the structure of energy supply and demand in the past and to indicate probable developments (eg, as indicated by patterns of investment). Caveats are included in forewords to both the 1992 and 1996 editions. A chapter on energy prices is included in the 1996 edition. 1993 energy consumption data are not included since there was a major disruption in energy statistical collection in China that year

Projections of SO2, NOx and carbonaceous aerosols emissions in Asia

Estimates of Asian emissions of air pollutants and carbonaceous aerosols and their mid-term projections have been changing significantly in the last years. The remote sensing community has shown that increase in NOx in Central East Asia is much stronger than any of the emission inventories or projections indicated so far. A number of studies reviewing older estimates appeared. Here, we review the key contributions and compare them to the most recent results of the GAINS model application for Asia and to the SRES projections used in the IPPC work. The recent projections indicate that the growth of emissions of SO2 in Asia should slow down significantly towards 2010 or even stabilize at the current level. For NOx, however, further growth is projected although it will be most likely slower than in the last decade, owing to introduction of measures in transport. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon and organic carbon) are expected to decline after 2010, largely due to reduced use of biofuels in residential sector and efficiency improvements. The estimates of these emissions are burdened with significantly larger uncertainties than SO2 and NOx; even for the year 2000 the differences in estimates between studies are up to a factor of 2

GAINS-Asia Deliverable D15: Final Report on Policy Analysis with the GAINS-Asia model

This report describes initial policy analyses with the Greenhouse gas – Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model. It summarizes the exogenous projections on energy and agricultural activities up to 2030 and discusses the resulting implications on air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. An illustrative scenario explores the health benefits from a substitution of solid fuels in households by LPG and explores the side-effects on greenhouse gas emissions. The paper summarizes the optimization methodology that has been developed for the GAINS-Asia model and presents a range of alternative strategies to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It shows that with a targeted approach, emission control costs can be reduced by up to 80 percent compared to an across-the-board application of technologies. Furthermore, the paper presents systematic analyses of the costs (i.e., cost curves) for reducing health impacts from fine particulate matter as well as for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

The observations and analyses of an eruptive prominence

The tornado-shaped eruptive prominence on 29 August 1990 has been analysed in three aspects in this paper: morphological evolution, spectral diagnosis and kinematic characteristics. It is found that: (1) the altitude of the prominence uniformly increased, then evenly decreased. The rising velocity of the altitude of the prominence was about twice as large as the falling velocity. (2) the materials in the prominence spiraled to rise, then after reaching the climax, they dropped in succession. The observations showed that the flux ropes were already twisted when they emerged. (3) During the period of the development of the prominence, three loop structures were formed, with intermittent material ejection. The shape of an eruptive prominence and its changes with time could be an important factor for studying properties of eruptive prominences. The observations have also been explained qualitatively in this paper