Violation of the functional activity of leukocytes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe stage

The aim of the study was to assess the state of functional activity of leukocytes and the degree of justification of violations in 80 patients with stage III-IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Revealed inhibition of leukocyte activity by reducing the specific grain in granulocytes, phagocytic function, response to stimulus NBT-test peroxidase activity, reduced proliferation and maturation of B-lymphocytes, inhibition of immunoglobulin M response selection, and G, in conjunction with depression of primary and secondary response the inflammatory process. A violation of T-lymphocytes in violation migratsiingibiruyuschih production factors with the development of T-cell areactivity.Целью исследования была оценка состояния функциональной активности лейкоцитов и обоснование степени выявленных нарушений у 80 больных с III-IV стадией хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ). Выявлено угнетение функциональной активности лейкоцитов за счет уменьшения специфической зернистости в гранулоцитах, функции фагоцитоза, реакции на стимул НСТ-теста активности пероксидазы, снижение пролиферации и созревании В- лимфоцитов, угнетение реакции выделения иммуноглобулинов М и G, в сочетании с депрессией первичного и вторичного реагирования на воспалительный процесс. Установлено нарушение функции Т-лимфоцитов с нарушением выработки миграциингибирующих факторов с развитием Т- клеточной ареактивности

Surface order transition in nematic liquid crystals

The surface order transition in nematic liquid crystals is theoretically analysed. Starting from a pseudo-molecular model it is shown that the so called anchoring energy has two contributions: one coming from the nematic-nematic interaction and another one coming from the nematic substrate interaction. The two contributions have, generally, different angular dependence, and always a different temperature dependence. This fact can explain recently observed surface transitions. By using a simple phenomenological model the tilt angle versus the temperature is analysed. The agreement with the experimental data is fairly good

On a generalization of the Rapini-Papoular expression of the surface free energy for nematic liquid crystals

The effect of the $K_{13}$ and $K_1$ elastic constants on the equilibrium orientation of nematic liquid crystals is considered. Our analysis shows that these terms can be ignored if the surface energy is modified in a particular way. In this manner the difficulties in the elastic theory of nematic liquid crystals connected to the proper minimization of the free energy can be solved. Several suggestions have been made in the past to overcome this lacuna in the elastic theory of nematics. In our paper we suggest a different approach leading to a new surface free energy. The surface variation of the nematic average orientation induced by $K_{13}$ and $K_1$ is also estimated

Flexoelectricity and alignment phase transitions in nematic liquid crystals

The influence of the flexoelectric effect on the phase diagram relevant to the order transition induced by an electric field on a nematic liquid crystal is considered. The analysis shows that this influence can be important. It is found that the order phase transition between the initially undistorted and distorted configurations always takes place. In contrast, the phase transition between the distorted and the saturated configurations is possible only if the dielectric anisotropy is large enough. The stability of the phases is analysed. The existence of a tricritical point is predicted. The dependence of the tricritical point on the flexoelectric coefficient is discussed too. The limits of our calculations and the performed simplifying hypotheses are critically analysed