Optimal Placement and Sizing of DSTATCOM Using Harmony Search Algorithm

AbstractThis paper investigates a new approach to find the optimal location and sizing of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) with an objective function of minimizing the total network power losses. Harmony search algorithm is used to find the optimal location and sizing of DSTATCOM. The proposed work is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus radial distribution systems. The obtained result shows that optimal placement and sizing of DSTATCOM in the radial distribution network effectively reduces the total power losses of the system

A Descriptive Study on Intra and Post Operative Complications of Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery

INTRODUCTON: Informatics, electronics and robotics are intermingled fields that constantly change the way we experience our life and practice medicine. Despite many decades of these technological developments the performance of surgical operations (the cutting and suturing of the artisan remained unchanged. The advent of minimally invasive surgery, brought about a major deviation from traditional surgery .this method has several advantages over the traditional system, but it require sophisticated instruments, training and skill. The application of laparoscopy in current surgical practice is undergoing constant changes and rapid developments. These developments have to be weighed against over-enthusiasm and the problems created by a lack of familiarity with new techniques and instruments. Without these things, we sometime land up in complications. This dissertation mainly focuses on minimally invasive surgery and its complications. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To understand the physiological changes occurring during laparoscopic procedures. 2. To analyze various laparoscopic surgeries done in our department. 3. To study various complications occurring during intra and post operative periods in laparoscopic surgery. 4. To evaluate the guidelines for preventing them. 5. To assess the outcomes of the complications. 6. To study the presentations and interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study was done in Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College, over a period of 28 months from June 2007 to October 2009. During this study a total of 134 patients were categorized and assigned to various procedure groups. The patients were assigned to a surgical procedure based on the symptoms, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and investigations. Inclusion Criteria: All patients who presented with clinical features and imaging features suggestive of chronic abdominal pathology and were planned for elective open surgery. Exclusion Criteria: All patients with acute abdominal complaints due to the underlying pathology were excluded. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes and known cardiac complications were not included. Patients apprehensive about the technique, and patients who were considered to be of the poor follow up group were excluded. Patients who were not fit for general anaesthesia due to any other cause were also excluded in the study. ANALYSIS: The potential complications of laparoscopic procedure include those related to laparoscopy and those related to specific procedure. The majority of these complications occur during the early learning phase for laparoscopy. They may also occur however, during procedures performed by surgeons who have considerable laparoscopic experience due to the disease process per se. As new application for laparoscopy continue to emerge, it is important for the surgeon to be familiar with the possible complication associated with the various laparoscopy procedure. Very good infrastructure, adequate and proper training and skill are mandatory to minimize the complication and good surgical outcome. Only through an appreciation of the potential complications of a procedure and their overall incidence be reduced to minimum. CONCLUSION: In this study the rate of complications observed were more within the various literary reviews published and accepted worldwide. The rate of conversion to laparotomy was 2.5% against a average ranging between 4-8%. Our series indicated an overwhelming patient satisfaction in particular reference to postoperative pain with a low incidence of <2%. Complications related to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and increased intra-abdominal pressure did not really occur. In our series, the morbitity, were low and acceptable. The reported major complications raised the morbitity to 1.1%; they prolonged hospital stay, but without any further unwilling consequences. As in all aspects of medicine, laparoscopic surgery requires experience on the part of the surgeon in order to afford patients the best possible outcome. The anatomy visible through a laparoscope differs in perspective from that presented in the open case, basic techniques such as suturing have to be relearned, and there is a decrease in tactile sense as an instrument is interposed between fingertip and tissue. Several surgeons have defined a learning curve for laparoscopic procedures after which the rate of complications plateau and most series note a decrease in the time necessary to complete a procedure from the first cases to the last. Adequate instruction and super-vision would seem prudent as a surgeon ascends the learning curve. Ultimately, complications can be minimized but never avoided. Expeditious diagnosis and appropriate management of complications are requisite of all surgeons. The conclusion drawn from this study is that laparoscopic surgery is a safe procedure with low morbidity rate. Complications can be minimized by maintaining a low threshold for conversion. Conversion is never a failure, it is a mark of PRUDENCE

Incidence of Foramen Meningo - Orbitale in South Indian Population

Foramen meningo-orbitale is a small inconsistent foramen usually found on the roof or the lateral wall of orbit forming an additional connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa. It is usually single but may also be multiple transmitting the orbital branch of middle meningeal artery. In the current study we investigated 97 adult dried human skulls it was found to be present in 43 skulls (44.32%), it was unilateral 27 skulls (27.83%) and found bilaterally in 16 skulls (16.49%). The incidence of this foramen may be of surgical significance for surgeries related to the anterior cranial fossa and also to ophthalmologist

Issues in Delivering Morbidity Management for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Study in Pondicherry, South India

Lymphatic filariasis is a vector borne parasitic disease causing long term disability. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis aims to achieve its objective through two strategies; Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to interrupt transmission and Morbidity Management (MM) to manage disability for those already affected. MDA is going on in full swing in endemic areas; but MM is lagging behind. An exploratory study was conducted in Pondicherry through focus group discussions to find out whether there are delivery issues if any, in the MM programme and get suggestions from end users. The study results show that MM has not received the same attention as MDA and there are shortcomings in the delivery mechanism of the programme. The importance of these findings are discussed and suggestions given for improving the programme

Power Quality improvement in Grid connected Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution level

Around the world, conventional power system is facing the problems of gradual depletion of fossil fuel resources, poor energy efficiency and environmental pollution. These problems have led to a new trend of generating power locally at distribution voltage level by using non-conventional/ renewable energy sources like natural gas, biogas, wind power, solar photo voltaic cells, fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, micro turbines, and stirling engines, and their integration into the utility distribution network. The above renewable energy sources are interconnected using various power electronics converters. Generally current controlled voltage source inverters are used to interface the intermittent RES in distributed system. This paper provides control strategy for grid interfacing inverters when installed in three phase four wire distribution system. The interfacing inverter can be utilized to inject power generated from RES to the grid and act as Active power filter to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. By this novel control strategy, the combination of Grid-interfacing inverter and the 3 phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at the point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This control concept is demonstrated with the help of simulation using MATLAB/Simulink for non-linear load and validated through digital signal processor – based laboratory experimental results

Formulation and Evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres using Various Polymers

INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a condition that occurs when the venous wall and/or valves in the leg veins are not working effectively, making it difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs. CVI causes blood to “pool” or collect in these veins, and this pooling is called stasis. CAUSES CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: 1. Veins return blood to the heart from all the body’s organs. To reach the heart, the blood needs to flow upward from the veins in the legs. Calf muscles and the muscles in the feet need to contract with each step to squeeze the veins and push the blood upward. To keep the blood flowing up, and not back down, the veins contain one-way valves. 2. Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when these valves become damaged, allowing the blood to leak backward. Valve damage may occur as the result of aging, extended sitting or standing or a combination of aging and reduced mobility. When the veins and valves are weakened to the point where it is difficult for the blood to flow up to the heart, blood pressure in the veins stays elevated for long periods of time, leading to CVI. 3. CVI most commonly occurs as the result of a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs, a disease known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). CVI also results from pelvic tumors and vascular malformations, and sometimes occurs for unknown reasons. Failure of the valves in leg veins to hold blood against gravity leads to sluggish movement of blood out of the veins, resulting in swollen legs. AIM OF PRESENT STUDY: Calcium Dobesilate is controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. This dosage form has to be administered orally for controlling the drug release. In this study, an effort has been made to formulate controlled release microspheres using polymer HPMC K100, Ethyl Cellulose, Eudragit L100, Sodium Alginate. Controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. In this study we aim to formulation and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres for the treatment of chronic venous disease. Hence The Calcium Dobesilate as design controlled release microspheres provided following benefits 1. Microspheres in improve treatment efficacy while reducing toxicity. 2. The microspheres continue to protect the encauplasting agent after administration. 3. site specific drug can be achieved. 4. The microspheres release encapsulation molecules over extended time intervals up to 24 hrs. 5. drug is having Short half life, high water solubility to prolong the pharmacological action ideal candidate for design of controlled release microspheres formulation. 6. Constant drug releases for better therapeutic action. 7. In order to improve patient compliance . 8. Maintain therapeutic window, obtain controlled Drug release. 9. To reduce cost effect 10. To reduce side effects. 11. To reduce dosage frequency. 12. Long duration of action. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY: Following objectives to develop to the formulation development and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. 1. To perform pre formulation studies. 2. To prepare the microspheres by using different methods- Ionic Gelation, Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method, Emulsification Ionic Gelation Method. 3. Selection of appropriate method for preparation of microspheres. 4. Study effect of various formulations and process variables on Microspheres size, entrapment efficiency and In-vitro release studies. 5. Evaluate the effect of different independent variables such as polymer concentration, Calcium chloride concentration and stirring speed. 5. To determine the compatibility of drug with the polymer by FTIR studies. 6. Study effect of various formulations for In-vitro drug release and release kinetics. 7. To carry out stability studies of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present investigations were Formulation And Evaluation Of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease was developed to prolong action. The summary and conclusions of investigations is as follows 1. The present study was carried out to design the controlled release microspheres for the Calcium Dobesilate for treatment of Chronic Venous Disease. 2. The microspheres were formulated for controlled release by using different polymers like HPMC K100, Eudragit L100, Ethyl Cellulose in different ratios was found to control and stable drug release. 3. Sodium Alginate & Calcium Chloride is prepared by Ionic Gelation method. Here Calcium- Calcium interacted & sodium alginate is incompatible with drug. So spheres are not formed. 4. The use of Ethyl Cellulose and Eudragit L100 polymer makes a controlled release of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres with dissolution mechanism. 5. By using the enteric polymer Eudragit L100, increases the drug entrapment efficasy & yield value in 0.1N HCL than water. The reason is Eudragit L100 is insoluble in 0.1 n HCL. 6. These concept is explained the application of fixed dose dosage form which results in cost –effectiveness and reduce multiple of dosage forms. 7. From the above observations it is concluded that by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique Formulation F21 was found 98.2 % at 24 hrs drug release 8. The release characteristics of the formulation appear as to follow F21 shows near zero order drug release and Zero order- Pappas mechanism. 9. Among all the techniques the best method was found Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method for Calcium Dobesilate

Pseudo cholinesterase-diagnostic and prognostic value in organophosphorus poisoning

Background: Organophosphorus compound poisoning is a common clinical situation encountered in emergency department. The estimation of pseudo cholinesterase levels in plasma help to identify OP poisoning. Aim of this study was the levels of pseudo cholinesterase in plasma as a diagnostic aid in patients with suspected organophosphorus poisoning and to predict the prognosis and mortality based on pseudo cholinesterase activity.Methods: 390 cases of suspected organophosphorus compound poisoning were selected above 18 years of age. Detailed history and clinical examination were done. The serum levels of enzyme pseudo cholinesterase were estimated on 1st and 3rd and 6th day.Results: 61% were males, 39% were females. Age range 18-55 years. Most of the patients were admitted within 4 hours of consumption. 50% cases were mild, 26% were moderate and 24% were severe cases, Commonest clinical features were vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Common signs were miosis (46%), difficulty in breathing (42%), cold calmmy skin, bradycardia. Patients who survived had raising values of enzyme levels and in patients who expired did not show much increase in enzyme values.Conclusions: In initial stages of poisoning, determining pseudo cholinesterase activity forms a reliable test. In patients who survived had values above 4300 U/L and showed increasing levels on successive days indicating better prognosis. Low values of enzymes in initial stages of poisoning as well as decreasing values on the third day indicate increased mortality

(E)-Ethyl 2-cyano-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylate

All the non-H atoms of the title compound, C10H10N2O2, are nearly in the same plane with a maximum deviation of 0.093 (1) Å. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating inversion dimers with R 2 2(14) ring motifs