665 research outputs found
Roles of energy dissipation in a liquid-solid transition of out-of-equilibrium systems
Self-organization of active matter as well as driven granular matter in
non-equilibrium dynamical states has attracted considerable attention not only
from the fundamental and application viewpoints but also as a model to
understand the occurrence of such phenomena in nature. These systems share
common features originating from their intrinsically out-of-equilibrium nature.
It remains elusive how energy dissipation affects the state selection in such
non-equilibrium states. As a simple model system, we consider a non-equilibrium
stationary state maintained by continuous energy input, relevant to industrial
processing of granular materials by vibration and/or flow. More specifically,
we experimentally study roles of dissipation in self-organization of a driven
granular particle monolayer. We find that the introduction of strong
inelasticity entirely changes the nature of the liquid-solid transition from
two-step (nearly) continuous transitions (liquid-hexatic-solid) to a strongly
discontinuous first-order-like one (liquid-solid), where the two phases with
different effective temperatures can coexist, unlike thermal systems, under a
balance between energy input and dissipation. Our finding indicates a pivotal
role of energy dissipation and suggests a novel principle in the
self-organization of systems far from equilibrium. A similar principle may
apply to active matter, which is another important class of out-of-equilibrium
systems. On noting that interaction forces in active matter, and particularly
in living systems, are often non-conservative and dissipative, our finding may
also shed new light on the state selection in these systems.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure
-knots with the same knot group but different knot quandles
We give a first example of 2-knots with the same knot group but different
knot quandles by analyzing the knot quandles of twist spins. As a byproduct of
the analysis, we also give a classification of all twist spins with finite knot
quandles.Comment: 11 page
Microscopic mechanism of ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of metals: a molecular dynamics study incorporating electronic entropy effects
The microscopic mechanism of metal ablation induced by ultrashort laser pulse
irradiation is investigated. A two-temperature model scheme combined with
molecular dynamics (TTM-MD) is developed to incorporate electronic entropy
effects into the simulation of metal ablation while satisfying the energy
conservation law. Simulation with the TTM-MD scheme reveals that ultrashort
laser pulse irradiation near the ablation threshold causes high-energy ion
emission and sub-nanometer depth ablation, as observed experimentally, due to
the electronic entropy effect. It is also shown that the electronic entropy
effect is also significant in spallation.Comment: 13 pages, 18 figure
Integrable discretizations of the SIR model
Structure-preserving discretizations of the SIR model are presented by
focusing on the hodograph transformation and the conditions for integrability
for their discrete SIR models are given. For those integrable discrete SIR
models, we derive their exact solutions as well as conserved quantities. If we
choose the parameter appropriately for one of our proposed discrete SIR models,
it conserves the conserved quantities of the SIR model. We also investigate an
ultradiscretizable discrete SIR model.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figure
Global warming trend without the contributions from decadal variability of the Arctic Oscillation
AbstractClimate change associated with recent global warming is most prominent in the Arctic and subarctic. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is a dominant atmospheric phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere. Decadal variability of surface air temperature (SAT) associated with the AO index shows high correlation with recent global warming trend. In this study, the SAT variability in the Northern Hemisphere is separated in contributions from decadal variability by the AO and remaining components.The results indicate that the decadal variability of the AO index shows high correlation with the SAT variation until 1990. The AO index and SAT variabilities show a negative trend during 1949–1969, while the trend is positive during 1969–1989. In addition, the spatial distribution pattern of the SAT linear trend during each period shows the same pattern as AO. However, while the AO index indicates a negative trend, the SAT trend is continuously positive also after 1990. This warming pattern appearing after 1990 is caused by the Arctic amplification.Although the AO has a large amplitude on local scale, the AO is almost dynamically orthogonal to the hemispheric warming component. However, the AO can be related to the decadal variability of the Arctic and subarctic temperature change through the feedbacks by climate sub-systems
Measurement of the residual stress in CrN coatings deposited on an Al alloy substrate
Chromium nitride (CrN) coatings were deposited on Al alloy substrates using the arc ion plating method with different bias voltages and different thicknesses. The residual stresses of these samples were measured via x-ray diffraction using the sin2 ψ method because the CrN crystals in the coatings were nonoriented. The stress gradient across the CrN coating was calculated from the curved 2θ-sin2 ψ diagram. In the case of CrN coatings deposited at low bias voltage, the compressive residual stress that formed at the substrate interface was larger than the stress at the surface of the CrN coating. Conversely, in the case of CrN coatings deposited at high bias voltage, the compressive residual stress on the surface of the CrN coating was larger than the stress on the interface with the substrate. In CrN coatings deposited at high bias voltage, very large compressive residual stress on the CrN coating surface decreased with increasing coating thickness
Quantification of Overlapped Peaks with Partial Least Squares Regression : Open Tubular Ion Chromatography for Sodium and Ammonium Ions
We propose an approach for the simultaneous determination of multiple component (i.e., Na+ and NH4+) solutions based on open tubular ion chromatography (OTIC) coupled with chemometrics. The sample solutions containing Na+ and NH4+ (0 – 500 μM) were prepared at various concentration ratios. The samples were analyzed by OTIC within the time range of t = 0 – 18.0 min. The partial least squares (PLS) regression method was applied to the acquired chromatograms in order to predict ionic concentrations. The constructed PLS regression models were able to predict Na+ and NH4+ concentrations. The regression vectors of the Na+ and NH4+ prediction models yielded positive peaks at 11.8 min and 13.3 min, respectively. The determination coefficient between predicted and measured cation concentration were respectively 0.9187 for Na+ and 0.9314 for NH4+. The combination of the OTIC and PLS regression methods was useful for the determination of ionic concentrations under unresolved chromatogram peak conditions
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