Large Language Model-based System to Provide Immediate Feedback to Students in Flipped Classroom Preparation Learning

This paper proposes a system that uses large language models to provide immediate feedback to students in flipped classroom preparation learning. This study aimed to solve challenges in the flipped classroom model, such as ensuring that students are emotionally engaged and motivated to learn. Students often have questions about the content of lecture videos in the preparation of flipped classrooms, but it is difficult for teachers to answer them immediately. The proposed system was developed using the ChatGPT API on a video-watching support system for preparation learning that is being used in real practice. Answers from ChatGPT often do not align with the context of the student's question. Therefore, this paper also proposes a method to align the answer with the context. This paper also proposes a method to collect the teacher's answers to the students' questions and use them as additional guides for the students. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the proposed system.Comment: 6 page

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The physiological basis of sleep including its importance was reviewed and discussed. Among the definitions of sleep, Hobson’s definition is most reasonable. The reason is that it contains both result of recent progress of sleep science and brain research. It rephrases Abraham Lincoln’s famous declaration about government : “Sleep is of the brain, by the brain, and for the brain”. Sleep has been thought formally under the unitary theory, but presently under the duality theory. It is due to the two epoch-making discoveries : one is that of EEG and the other is that of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Scientific research of sleep was opened by these two discoveries. There are two kinds of states, non-REM sleep and REM sleep, in sleep of higher animals including humans. Those sleep states are defined with EEG, EMG, and eye movements. There are common phenomena of “behaviorally defined sleep” to those of human sleep in the lower animals such as insects, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. However, there is the characteristic feature in human sleep which is not observed in the lower animals. When conducting an animal experiment, it is necessary to recognize this point. Sleep is regulated under the two control systems : biological clock and homeostasis. As a brain part adjusting sleep and wake, the whole aspect is not yet disclosed, although the special neural network which contains the basal forebrain including the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and the brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) is important. As to these neural mechanisms, relation of the humoral mechanism by the sleep substance, neurotransmitter, etc. has been clarified recently, and it is thought that both the neural and humoral mechanisms exert the complement-action on the mutual regulation of sleep and wake. Recently, the method of approaching sleep in molecular biology has been budding. In conclusion, it is sleep that is easy to fall victim among everyday life in “24-hour society.” As the price at the sacrifice of sleep, not only a health trouble, but also a social problem and an economical loss are caused. The role of sleep, a basic physiological function, should be greatly appreciated. Sleep, with wake, is the physiological basis of our behavior and supports our life activity from both dynamic and static sides, alternately and mutually. Both sleep and wake are regulated by the brain, fitting our living body to internal and external environment. Sleep is food of the brain and essential to the health of our mind and body

Quantitative ultrasonic assessment for detecting microscopic cartilage damage in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions. The histological cartilage changes in OA include surface erosion and irregularities, deep fissures, and alterations in the staining of the matrix. The reversibility of these chondral alterations is still under debate. It is expected that clinical and basic science studies will provide the clinician with new scientific information about the natural history and optimal treatment of OA at an early stage. However, a reliable method for detecting microscopic changes in early OA has not yet been established. We have developed a novel system for evaluating articular cartilage, in which the acoustic properties of the articular cartilage are measured by introducing an ultrasonic probe into the knee joint under arthroscopy. The purpose of this study was to assess microscopic cartilage damage in OA by using this cartilage evaluation system on collagenase-treated articular cartilage in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonic echoes from articular cartilage were converted into a wavelet map by wavelet transformation. On the wavelet map, the maximum magnitude and echo duration were selected as quantitative indices. Using these indices, the articular cartilage was examined to elucidate the relationships of the ultrasonic analysis with biochemical, biomechanical and histological analyses. In the in vitro study, the maximum magnitude decreased as the duration of collagenase digestion increased. Correlations were observed between the maximum magnitude and the proteoglycan content from biochemical findings, and the maximum magnitude and the aggregate modulus from biomechanical findings. From the histological findings, matrix staining of the surface layer to a depth of 500 μm was closely related to the maximum magnitude. In the in vivo study, the maximum magnitude decreased with increasing duration of the collagenase injection. There was a significant correlation between the maximum magnitude and the aggregate modulus. The evaluation system therefore successfully detected microscopic changes in degenerated cartilage with the use of collagen-induced OA

Alzheimer’s disease : Relationship between the Alzheimer’s disease and human microbiome

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory and language disorder. The accumulation of senile plaques called β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles involving protein tau in the brains of AD patients have been considered as two hallmarks of AD. In AD, it is reported that accumulation of β-amyloid may be observed 25 years before onset, supporting early diagnosis and treatment by brain image analysis, because several techniques have recently been developed to detect β-amyloid and tau protein in brains of persons diagnosed with AD. AD patients are usually suffering from other diseases such as diabetes or periodontal disease, and there is accumulating data to show that these diseases associate with the human microbiome, such as gut and oral microbiota. In this report, the relation ship between AD and the human microbiome is reviewed

Why does arterial blood pressure rise actively during REM sleep?

A large fluctuation in autonomic function is one of the most important charac-teristics of REM sleep. Arterial blood pressure (AP) increases during the transition from non-REM to REM sleep, showing phasic surges during REM sleep. REM-associated AP changes involve 1) a long-term recovery process after surgery, 2) circadian rhythm, 3)relationships with ambient temperature. REM-associated AP changes are mediated by sympathetic nerves, buffered by baroreflex, abolished in decerebrated cats, and related to hippocampal theta activity in rats. Furthermore, the midbrain dopaminergic system has been recently found to be involved in increases in REM-associated AP